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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

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Presentation on theme: "INORGANIC COMPOUNDS."— Presentation transcript:

1 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

2 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Classification Compounds Writing formula
Properties Chemical reactions

3 Classification of inorganic compounds
OXIDES ACIDS BASES (HYDROXIDES) SALTS prof. V. Paulauskas

4 OXIDES prof. V. Paulauskas

5 OXIDES Compounds consisting of oxygen and any other element:
Na2O, SO2, Al2O3 All elements of periodic table except inert gases (group VII) prof. V. Paulauskas

6 SO SO N2O5 N2O3 NO N2O MgO Na2O Writing oxide formula:
Oxygen oxidation number (ON) in oxides is (-2) Total sum of ON of any compound is equal to 0 SO SO N2O5 N2O3 NO N2O MgO Na2O 3 2 prof. V. Paulauskas

7 Physical properties of oxides
gases with low liquefying temperature (CO) fire-resistant (ZrO2) good insulators (MgO) semi-resistant (NiO) good conductors (ReO) solid, liquid, gaseous thermally stable and unstable prof. V. Paulauskas

8 Different chemical properties
Basic Acidic Amphoteric Neutral prof. V. Paulauskas

9 prof. V. Paulauskas

10 BASIC OXIDES Na2O, Li2O, CaO, MgO (oxides of metals)
with water give bases (hydroxides): Na2O (s) + H2O (l)  2NaOH (aq) CaO + H2O  Ca(OH)2 with acidic oxides and with acids form salts: Na2O + SO3  Na2SO4 CaO + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O prof. V. Paulauskas

11 ACIDIC OXIDES SO2, CO2, P2O5, N2O5 (oxides of non-metals and metals of high valence)
with water give acids: SO H2O  H2SO3 SO H2O  H2SO4 N2O5 + H2O  2HNO3 Are called acid anhydrides H2SO4 - H2O  SO3 prof. V. Paulauskas

12 SO2 + H2SO3 H2O  SO3 + H2SO4 H2O  +4 +4 +6 +6 2018.11.13
prof. V. Paulauskas

13 ACIDIC OXIDES SO3 + CaO  CaSO4 CO2 + K2O  K2CO3
react with basic oxides producing salts: SO3 + CaO  CaSO4 CO2 + K2O  K2CO3 P2O5 + 3Na2O  2Na3PO4 prof. V. Paulauskas

14 ACIDIC OXIDES SO3 + Ca(OH)2  CaSO4+H2O CO2 + 2KOH  K2CO3+H2O
react with bases (hydroxides) forming salts: SO3 + Ca(OH)2  CaSO4+H2O CO2 + 2KOH  K2CO3+H2O P2O5+ 6NaOH 2Na3PO4+ 3H2O prof. V. Paulauskas

15 AMPHOTERIC OXIDES ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2, PbO2, BeO, Cr2O3
exhibit both properties - acidic and basic: ZnO + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2O ZnO +2NaOHNa2ZnO2 +H2O React both with acids and with alkali prof. V. Paulauskas

16 EO – any element combined with oxygen Zn(OH)2 (base) ↔ H2ZnO2 (acid)
AMPHOTERIC OXIDES EO + H2O → E(OH)2 EO – any element combined with oxygen H-O-E-O-H If soluble in water, properties depends on whether: O-H or E-O bond breaks yields an acid yields a base Zn(OH)2 (base) ↔ H2ZnO2 (acid) prof. V. Paulauskas

17 INERT (NEUTRAL) OXIDES CO, NO, N2O
do not react neither with acids nor with hydroxides (salt non-forming oxides) CO + H2O  prof. V. Paulauskas

18 ACIDS prof. V. Paulauskas

19 ACIDS Acid is a substance capable of liberating hydrogen ions in a water solution: HCl = H+ + Cl- consist of hydrogen ion and salt anion: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, able to change colour of indicators (litmus paper turn red) water solutions has a sour taste react with metals liberating hydrogen prof. V. Paulauskas

20 ACIDS Oxoacids - H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4 Non-oxoacids - HCl, H2S, HBr
Monoprotic - containing one H+ ion Polyprotic - containing more than one H+ ion HCl, HNO H2S, H2SO4 prof. V. Paulauskas

21 H2SO4 – sulfuric acid diprotic mineral acid
has strong dehydrating, oxidizing and highly corrosive properties when hydrogen ions are replaced with metal ions, salts are formed - called sulfates: Na2SO4; CaSO4; Al2(SO4)3 prof. V. Paulauskas

22 It also dehydrates carbohydrates resulting in secondary thermal burn
Concentrated sulfuric acid can cause very serious damage upon contact - it hydrolyze and decompose proteins and lipids leading to chemical burn It also dehydrates carbohydrates resulting in secondary thermal burn It can cause permanent blindness if splashed to eyes Therefore, safety precautions should always be taken when using it. prof. V. Paulauskas

23 HNO3 – nitric acid highly corrosive strong mineral acid salts are called - nitrates: NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3 prof. V. Paulauskas

24 Salts called - phosphates: Na3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4
H3PO4 – phosphoric acid Salts called - phosphates: Na3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4 prof. V. Paulauskas

25 Salts - carbonates: Na2CO3, MgCO3,
H2CO3 - carbonic acid Salts - carbonates: Na2CO3, MgCO3, prof. V. Paulauskas

26 H2SO3 – sulfurous acid, salts - sulfites: Na2SO3
HNO2 – nitrous acid, salts – nitrites: NaNO2 prof. V. Paulauskas

27 HCl – hydrochloric acid salts – chlorides: NaCl
H2S – hydrosulfuric acid salts - sulfides: Na2S prof. V. Paulauskas

28 Acids REACT with: prof. V. Paulauskas

29 with metals: 2HCl + Fe  FeCl2 + H2 with metal oxides: 2HNO3 + ZnO  Zn(NO3)2 + 2H2O with salts: H2SO4 + BaCl22HCl + BaSO4 prof. V. Paulauskas

30 with hydroxides: 2HCl + Ca(OH)2  CaCl2 + 2H2O
H3PO4 + 3NaOH  Na3PO4 + 3H2O (neutralisation) prof. V. Paulauskas

31 Bases (hydroxides, alkalis)
prof. V. Paulauskas

32 Bases – compounds, which in water release hydroxide anions: NaOH = Na+ + OH- (NaOH, Ca(OH)2) Water soluble hydoxides are called alkalis prof. V. Paulauskas

33 Bases REACT with: prof. V. Paulauskas

34 with acidic oxides: 2KOH + SO2  K2SO3 + H2O with acids: Fe(OH)3 + 3HClFeCl3 + 3H2O with salts: 2KOH + CuSO4K2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 prof. V. Paulauskas

35 Amphoteric Bases react with acidic oxides and acids: Zn(OH)2+CO2ZnCO3 +H2O Zn(OH)2+2HCIZnCl2+2H2O with basic oxides and basis: Zn(OH)2+K2OK2ZnO2+H2O Al(OH)3+3NaOHNa3AlO3+3H2O prof. V. Paulauskas

36 SALTS prof. V. Paulauskas

37 Salts Are compounds formed from acid anion and metal or ammonia cation
Co(NO3)2 ; K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4; NiCl2; CuSO4; KMnO4 . prof. V. Paulauskas

38 neutral acidic basic double complex prof. V. Paulauskas

39 Neutral salts are formed only from metal cations and acid anion: NaCl – sodium chloride Mg(NO3)2 – magnesium nitrate Double has a cation of several different metals: KCr(SO4)2 – potassium-chromium disulfate KMgCl3 - potassium-magnesium trichloride prof. V. Paulauskas

40 Acidic salts beside metal cations has also hydrogen ions: NaH2PO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 Na2HPO4 CaHPO4
prof. V. Paulauskas

41 Acidic salts can be produced only from those acids, which have more than one hydrogen atoms: NaOH(shortage) + H2SO4 (excess)   NaHSO4 + H2O prof. V. Paulauskas

42 Basic salts beside acid anion have a hydroxy- group: MgOHCl - magnessium hydroxychloride Basic salts can be produced only from those basis, which have more than one hydroxy-group: Mg(OH)2 + HCl(shortage)  MgOHCl +H2O prof. V. Paulauskas

43 Complex salts – is a product of reaction between several different compounds They are formed from complex ions: e.g.: pottassium hexacyanoferrate (II): K4Fe(CN)6 ] outer sphere inner sphere Fe – complexing agent CN - ligand Fe(CN)6 +4- complex ion prof. V. Paulauskas

44 Influence of ligands on the colour of complex compounds: [Co(NH3)5Cl](NO3)2,   [Co(NH3)5Br](NO3)2, [Co(NH3)5I](NO3)2, [Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2, [Co(NH3)5SO4](NO3)2 prof. V. Paulauskas

45 Hazardous chemical compounds
prof. V. Paulauskas

46 prof. V. Paulauskas

47 Cheminės medžiagos ženklinamos:
pavojingumo simboliai pavojingumo nuorodos standartinės rizikos ir saugos frazės prof. V. Paulauskas

48 Pavojingumo simbolis – standartinis grafinis ženklas, nurodantis cheminės medžiagos pavojingumo pobūdį Po simboliu užrašoma pavojingumo nuoroda prof. V. Paulauskas

49 Pavojingumo nuorodos Atsižvelgiant į fizikines, chemines savybes, poveikį žmogaus sveikatai ir aplinkai cheminės medžiagos priskiriamos tam tikrai pavojingumo kategorijai: Pagal fizikines chemines savybes pavojingos medžiagos skirstomos į sprogstamąsias, oksiduojančias, ypač degias, labai degias ir degias. Pagal poveikį žmogaus sveikatai – į labai toksiškas, toksiškas, kenksmingas, ardančias ir dirginančias. Pagal poveikį aplinkai - į pavojingas aplinkai. prof. V. Paulauskas

50 Rizikos frazė (R) – standartinis žodžių junginys, įspėjantis vartotoją apie medžiagos ar gaminio keliamą pavojų. R1 Sausa gali sprogti R2 Sprogimo rizika nuo smūgio, trinties, ugnies ar kitų uždegimo šaltinių R4 Sudaro labai jautrius sprogstamuosius metalo junginius R5 Kaitinama gali sprogti R6 Gali sprogti ore arba beorėje aplinkoje R7 Pavojinga gaisro atžvilgiu R10 Degi R11 Labai degi R14 Smarkiai reaguoja su vandeniu R25 Toksiška prarijus R29 Reaguodama su vandeniu, išskiria toksiškas dujas R34 Nudegina R36 Dirgina akis R38 Dirgina odą R39 Sukelia labai sunkius negrįžtamus sveikatos pakenkimus R41 Gali smarkiai pažeisti akis R45 Gali sukelti vėžį R46 Gali sukelti paveldimus genetinius pakenkimus R51 Toksiška vandens organizmams prof. V. Paulauskas

51 Saugos frazė (S) – pataria vartotojui, kaip apsisaugoti nuo medžiagos ar gaminio keliamo pavojaus.
S1 Laikyti užrakintą S2 Saugoti nuo vaikų S3 Laikyti vėsioje vietoje S4 Nelaikyti gyvenamosiose patalpose S7 Pakuotę laikyti sandariai uždarytą S8 Pakuotę laikyti sausoje vietoje S12 Nelaikyti sandariai uždarytos pakuotės S13 Laikyti atokiau nuo maisto, gėrimų ir gyvulių pašaro S15 Laikyti atokiau nuo šilumos šaltinių S16 Laikyti atokiau nuo uždegimo šaltinių. Nerūkyti S17 Laikyti atokiau nuo galinčių degti medžiagų S20 Naudojant nevalgyti ir negerti S21 Naudojant nerūkyti prof. V. Paulauskas

52 prof. V. Paulauskas

53 Ačiū už dėmesį  prof. V. Paulauskas

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