1. Animal Organization and Homeostasis

2. What is the fluid component of blood?
Monday, March 16
What is the fluid component of blood?

3. Tuesday, March 17
Simple squamous epithelium is what covers the lining of the lungs and capillaries? Its structure is known to be composed of thin, flat cells. Why might this be?

4. Finish going through the notes in this PPT; that will conclude Chapter 40 notes
Pick somebody to click, that is if Marvin decides he doesn’t want to show up for class! 
Ill go over any questions tomorrow you might have about the rest of the notes
When you finish with the notes, do Testing Yourself and Thinking Scientifically questions at the end of Ch. 40
Make sure you grabbed a packet at the front of class, we will start the circulatory system tomorrow! NO, you don’t have to do it for HW!
Be nice to the sub!

6. Levels of Organization
Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar function
Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized function
Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning together
Organism - A collection of organ systems

7. Types of Tissue Four Major Types of Tissue
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
Connective tissue binds and supports body parts.
Muscular tissue causes body parts to move.
Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and transmits impulses.

8. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue:
Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces
Lines inner cavities
Forms glands
Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities
Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream
Covers abdominal organs

9. Epithelial Tissue Three types of epithelial tissues:
Squamous – Flat cells
Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells
Columnar – Pillar-shaped cells
Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer over body surfaces including inner cavities.

10. Epithelial Tissue
Squamous epithelium is composed of flat cells (e.g., air sac linings of lungs, walls of capillaries)

11. Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidal epithelium has cube- shaped cells.

12. Epithelial Tissue
Columnar epithelium has elongated cells that resemble pillars or columns (e.g., small intestine).

13. Epithelial Cells Epithelium varies in number of cell layers.
Simple epithelium has one cell layer; all cells contact basement membrane.
Pseudostratified epithelium appears layered; actually, all cells contact basement membrane.
Stratified epithelium is composed of more than one layer of cells.

15. Glandular Epithelia - can be unicellular or have multicellular glands.
Ciliated Epithelia - cells are covered with cilia (e.g., lining of human respiratory tract).
Cilia can bend and move material over the surface of the epithelium.
Glandular Epithelia - can be unicellular or have multicellular glands.
Glands are a single cell or a group of cells; they are classified in two types:
Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts or directly into a tube or cavity.
Endocrine glands secrete their product directly into the bloodstream.

16. Connective Tissue Specialized cells Ground substance Proteins fibers
Connective tissues consist of 3 components:
Specialized cells
Ground substance
Proteins fibers

17. Connective Tissue Connective tissues consist of:
Fibroblast cells
A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
Loose fibrous connective tissue
Allows organs to expand
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Strong connective tissue
Tendons
Ligaments

18. Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue

19. Adipose Tissue Cartilage Insulates the body and provides padding
Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrix

22. Compact Bone Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers
Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunae
Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)

23. Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)
Red blood cells - erythrocytes
White blood cells - leukocytes
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes

24. Muscular Tissue
Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments
Cells are called muscle fibers
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary - Long, striated fibers
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary - No striations
Cardiac Muscle
Striated, but mostly involuntary
Bound by intercalated disks

27. Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue contains neurons
Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
Long axons covered by myelin
Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers form nerves
Neuroglia support and nourish neurons

28. Nervous system has three functions
Sensory input
Sensory receptors detect changes
Transmit info to the spinal cord
Data integration
Spinal cord and brain integrate
Decision is made regarding appropriate response
Motor output
Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)
Effector initiates actual response

29. Nervous tissue is composed of NEURONS in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Have three parts:
Dendrites receive a stimulus & conduct signals towards cell body.
Cell body contains most cytoplasm & nucleus of the neuron.
Axon conducts nerve impulses away from cell body.

31. Fx’s & Regions of Skin Functions of skin
Covers and protects underlying body regions
Regulate body temperature
Contains sensory receptor
Epidermis - Outer, thinner region
Stratified squamous epithelium
New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off
Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)
Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells

33. Regions of Skin Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis
Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains:
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Receptors
Nerve fibers
Blood vessels
Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located below dermis

35. Body Organ Systems Body Cavities Dorsal cavity (toward the back)
Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
The brain is in the cranial cavity, and
The spinal cord is in the vertebral canal
Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into
The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and
The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)
The pelvic cavity

37. Homeostasis
The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis
The digestive system
Takes in and digests food
Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrients
The respiratory system
Adds oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide

38. Homeostasis
The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis
The liver and the kidneys
Store excess glucose as glycogen
Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used
The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage
The kidneys
Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts

39. Negative Feedback Homeostatic Control Partially controlled by hormones
Ultimately controlled by the nervous system
Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set value
Sensor detects change in environment
Regulatory Center activates an effector
Effector reverses the changes

41. Regulation of Body
Temperature

42. Positive Feedback
During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another event
Childbirth Process
Urge to urinate
Positive Feedback
Does not result in equilibrium
Does not occur as often as negative feedback