1. Viruses: Beneficial, Infectious, and Vaccines
Jared Fleming, Josh Daly, Patrick Sullivan, Nick Lambert

2. Overview Ways Viruses benefit and harm our lives
Mutation of Flu and Viruses
Attenuated and Inactivated vaccines 
Subunit and Toxoid Vaccines

3. Benefits of Viruses Helps humans slim down and combat acne
Used in research of genes and DNA protein synthesis
Most common gene therapy vector
Naturally good at killing cancer cells JF

4. Harmful Viruses
Pathogenic: A bacterium or virus that can causes disease
Can kill too many cells
Crowd host tissues or disrupt function
Outpaces the immune system and causes HPV JF

5. How Diseases Spread
Spread by the transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs
Direct transfer can be person, animal, or mother to person
Also spread through indirect transfer
STDs like HIV can be spread through unprotected sex  JF

6. Prevention of Spread Vaccines reduce chance of contracting disease
Washing hands before eating and preparing food prevents the spread of germs
Staying home when being ill stops the exposure of others 
Practicing safe sex prevents STDs JF

7. The Flu PS Influenza can either antigenic drift, or shift
Drift includes small genetic changes in related viruses
Genetic changes accumulate creating irregular viruses
Shift includes addition of new hemagglutinin proteins
Emerges from different species  PS

8. Speed of Viral Mutations
Extremely high viral mutation rate
Low accuracy due to high replication
High replication includes positive mutation rate, constantly changing the virus PS

9. Vaccines
Immune cells take a few days to create antibodies against viruses
Major diseases could kill unprepared systems
Dead or weakened antigens injected into the body
 Produces antibodies to fight disease
Body will prepare to fight infection PS

10. Yearly Vaccinations PS Immune response declines over time
Viruses like influenza mutate on a yearly basis
Immune system wouldn't recognize exterior proteins on virus cells
Updated vaccines every year to prepare body for new version PS

11. Attenuated Vaccines JD Attenuated = Weakened in force or effect
Made in conditions where unable to induce disease
Vaccine uses a weakened, live form of the gene  
Creates strong, long-lasting immune response because of similarity to the natural disease
Only 1 or 2 doses needed for lifetime of protection  JD

12. Limitations JD Still contains live virus, caution when with vaccine
Patients with weakened immune system, long-term health problems, organ transplant
Kept cool, doesn't travel well
Given to infants, later if not given as child JD

13. Inactivated Vaccines JD Inactivate = make inactive or inoperative
Uses killed form of the virus, killing reduces infectivity of virus
Grown in containment, killed by heat or methanal
Many doses over lifetime, immunity not as strong as Attenuated. JD

14. Uses
Less popular among healthy, more popular among weak immune system
Includes those that can't take attenuated vaccines, elderly, and those with immunodeficiency.
Used when at risk for disease and/or periodically at young age JD

15. Subunit Vaccines – Definition
Subunit vaccines = vaccines that only use part of the disease-causing virus
Use the protein, sugar, or capsid of the germ
Resist key parts of virus
Limited by additional booster shots NL

16. Subunit Vaccines – Specific Use
Used with weak immune systems
Used with long term health issues
Hib, Hep B, HPV, Whooping cough, Pneumococcal disease, Meningococcal disease, and Shingles 
Used when part of virus is responsible NL

17. Toxoid Vaccines - Definition
Toxoid vaccines = vaccines that use toxins from the germs within the diseases to create immunity to the disease and infection
Create immunity to parts of the germ
Immune system receives toxin information
Requires additional booster shots NL

18. Toxoid Vaccines – Specific Use
Used against Diphtheria and Tetanus
To protect you against the harmful effects
When bacterial toxin is the main cause of the illness
Prevents spread of harmful effects NL

19. ABC B What is one way that viruses benefit our lives?
Expands and destroys cells
Most Common Gene Therapy Vector
Outpaces immune system and causes HPV
Disrupts cell function B JF

20. ABC B How does a person prevent the spread of viruses?
Going to work or school vomiting
Washing hand before preparing or eating food
Being bitten by insects
Sneezing on everyone B JF

21. ABC C Why do we need new flu vaccines every year?
The flu doesn't change
The vaccine itself expires
The flu changes form, every year
We don't know when the flu will come back, so we do it yearly just in case. C PS

22. ABC D What are vaccines? A living organism A completely live virus
Pathogenic viruses
Dead or weakened antigens inserted into the body D PS

23. ABC C What is a limitation of Attenuated Vaccines?
Has to be used many times
Only works on adults
Does not travel well
Limited Supply C JD

24. ABC
What vaccine uses a killed version of the virus within the vaccine?
Toxoid Vaccine
Attenuated Vaccine
Subunit Vaccine
Inactivated Vaccine D JD

25. ABC
What vaccine uses toxins from germs within the disease to create immunity for the user?
Attenuated Vaccine
Toxoid Vaccine
Inactivated Vaccine
Subunit Vaccine B NL

26. ABC C What is a downside to subunit vaccines? Lower rates of success
Available to weak immune systems
Requires additional booster shots
Releases toxins in the body  C NL

27. Overview Ways Viruses benefit and harm our lives
Mutation of Flu and Viruses
Attenuated and Inactivated vaccines 
Subunit and Toxoid Vaccines