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The space race, sexism & racism in america

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1 The space race, sexism & racism in america
Hidden Figures The space race, sexism & racism in america

2 the women (these aren’t all of them, just our stars.
All the women went to HBCUs. Katherine Goble Johnson- West Virginia State Dorothy Vaughan-Wilberforce University Mary Jackson- Hampton Institute The women benefitted from two Civil Rights acts- Executive Order 8802 forced government agencies to stop discrimination in hiring and training Executive Order 9346 ended racial segregation in hiring and government offices.

3 Katherine Johnson 1918- Was such a mathematical prodigy she was sent to a special school at 10. (There was no education for African Americans past 8th grade in her home in White Sulphur Springs, WV. Went to West Virginia State at 14. Graduated at 18. Became a high school math teacher Got married at 20. Went to graduate school. Got pregnant had to drop out. She got a job as a a mathematician for NACA in 1953.

4 Dorothy Vaughan Graduated from Wilberforce University in Ohio at 19. Her professors wanted her to get her masters degree but she went to work as a teacher to help her family. (Great Depression) Got hired at Langley in 1943 First African American female supervisor at NASA

5 Mary Jackson BS degrees in Mathematics and physical science from Hampton in 1942 Worked for Dorothy until 1953 when she began working for  Kazimierz Czarnecki, an engineer. Became first African American female engineer. Also became a leader in getting more women and more African Americans into NASA.

6 Human Computers Before the 1960s, people did the calculations for most engineering. These were “human calculators” doing math for NASA. (Women started in 1935 at Langley) These women did calculus and analytical geometry for trajectories and analysis for construction of space craft, exit and reentry through the atmosphere for heat and speed.

7 Human Calculators

8 Space Race Starting in WWII, Nazi Germany was way ahead of everyone else in terms of rocket science. They figured out how to create ballistic missiles. They created the V2 rocket and used it to bomb allied cities.

9 Space Race The Nazis used about 3,000 of them and the fact that they had figured out how to mount a bomb on a rocket spurred us on in our race to make the first nuclear bomb. The Nazis were working on nuclear bombs, but we defeated them before they were able to finish their work. After the war was over, we divided the rocket and nuclear scientists with the USSR as part of the German reparations for WWII.

10 Operation paperclip- These are 104/1600 of the scientists brought to America from Germany.
At first, we were working on rocket technology in an organization called National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Ships like the X-1 Bell rocket were testing supersonic flight.

11 Space Race Most of the work we were doing until 1957 revolved around creating weapons, like ICBMs or IRBMs. We were working on nuclear technology primarily. Then they changes the whole game.

12 Sputnik The USSR got an unmanned satellite into orbit in It was visible with binoculars before sunrise or after sunset, and transmitted beeps that radio operators could pick up. It circled Earth once every hour and 36 minutes and stayed in orbit for about 4 months. It didn’t really do anything, but it spurred us to move our program forward quickly.

13 Timeline USA USSR Jan. 1958 Explorer 1satellite into orbit
July 1961 GRAB 1- first spy satellite May 1961 First pilot controlled flight August Eight day human spaceflight Dec day human spaceflight July First humans on Moon Oct Sputnik satellite into orbit Nov Sputnik 2 with Laika the dog Oct First photos of far side of moon. April 1961-first human space flight Aug 1961-first crewed space flight June first woman in space April 1966-First satellite to orbit moon

14 Langley-Norfolk, Virginia
First as an aeronautics base, then as NACA and as NASA (1958) Langley was used as one of our most important bases for space and aeronautics. The first African American women were hired as computers in 1935. The women were segregated because of Virginia’s policies into the “West Area” for African American women. The women were used to do complex math for engineering, construction, flight, and trajectory.

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