1. Today, you will learn one of the STUPIDEST things we need to know for the EOG.

2. Today, you will learn one of the STUPIDEST things we need to know for the EOG.

3. You should already know this. It’s common sense. You just NEED to know…

4. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION!
You should already know this. It’s common sense. You just NEED to know…
THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION!

5. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION!

6. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION!

7. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

8. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION:
The more you dig BELOW…

9. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION:
The more you dig BELOW…
…the DEEPER in TIME you go!

10. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION:
The MORE you dig BELOW…
…the OLDER you go!
What are these fossils?

11. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION:
The MORE you dig BELOW…
…the OLDER you go!
What are these fossils?

12. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION:
The MORE you dig BELOW…
…the OLDER you go!
What are these fossils?

13. 600 different species of crinoids but
we have had more species in the past

14. THE MORE YOU DIG BELOW…THE DEEPER in TIME YOU GO!
Remember!!!!!!
THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
THE MORE YOU DIG BELOW…THE DEEPER in TIME YOU GO!

15. newer layers LAY ON TOP OF older layers.
Law of SUPERPOSITION
newer layers LAY ON TOP OF older layers.
THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION is…
THE MORE YOU DIG BELOW…THE DEEPER in TIME YOU GO!

16. Scientists (mostly geologists, archaeologists, & paleontologists) use this law to relatively date & tell our earth’s history.
Refer to p-t timeline showing only the beginning and the up-to-date current.

17. Match’em up: geologist archaeologist paleontologist
WHICH ONE DOES FOSSILS? ROCKS? ARTIFACTS?

18. Match’em up:
geologist
archaeologist
paleontologist
ROCKS

19. Match’em up:
geologist
archaeologist
paleontologist
ROCKS
ARTIFACTS

20. Match’em up: geologist archaeologist paleontologist ROCKS ARTIFACTS
FOSSILS

21. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
Newest rock on top
Oldest on bottom

22. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
Newest rock on top
Oldest on bottom
But even more…

23. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION CAN TELL US OUR EARTH’S PAST

24. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
Newest rock on top
Oldest on bottom
Imagine how many years it took to build up this continental coast. Only to have it worn away over more hundreds of thousands of years wearing it down to where the ocean is today.

25. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION CAN TELL US OUR EARTH’S PAST
INCREDIBLY OLD & ANCIENT

26. TRY TO PUT THIS ROCK’S HISTORY IN ORDER:
WATER ERODED THE LAND
LAYERS BUILT UP ON LAND
ICE WEATHERING CRACKED
THE EARTH

27. TRY TO PUT THIS ROCK’S HISTORY IN ORDER: see!
LAYERS BUILT UP ON LAND
WATER ERODED THE LAND
ICE WEATHERING CRACKED
THE EARTH

28. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy, but…
What about this?

29. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy, but…
What about this?

30. Cracks in our earth’s crust are called _________.

31. Cracks in our earth’s crust are called _ _ U _ _ S.

32. Cracks in our earth’s crust are called faults.

33. faults can tell us what direction earth’s crust WAS moving LONG AGO!.
FOAM MODELS

34. faults.
Which type of fault happens with transforming plates? Which type of fault shows plates converging? Which type of fault shows plates diverging?

35. faults.
Which type of fault happens with transforming plates? Which type of fault shows plates converging? Which type of fault shows plates diverging?

36. Which happened first : the layers or the fault?

37. Which happens first: the layers or a fault?

38. Which happens first: the layers or a fault?
WHAT WOULD THE FAULT CRACK THROUGH IF THE LAYERS WEREN’T THERE FIRST!

39. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
What about this???

40. Sometimes hot igneous rock doesn’t quite erupt
Sometimes hot igneous rock doesn’t quite erupt. It just slowly cooled after forcing its way into older rock.
What about this???

41. Thicker veins of igneous rocks are called intrusions.

42. Thicker veins of rock cutting upward through layers are called igneous intrusions.

43. WHAT CAME FIRST: THE ROCK OR THE INTRUSION?

44. WHAT CAME FIRST: THE ROCK OR THE INTRUSION?
An INTRUSION can’t happen unless there is rock to push through.

45. What’s RELATIVELY younger: layers or the intrusion?
Like faults, intrusions are YOUNGER, more recent, than the layers they crack through.

46. Like faults, intrusions are YOUNGER, more recent, than the layers they crack through.1 3 2
Put 1, 2 and 3 in order from oldest to youngest.

47. THE LAW of CROSSCUTTING
Like faults, intrusions are YOUNGER, more recent, than the layers they crack through. 1
3,2,1….this is known as
THE LAW of CROSSCUTTING 3 2

48. Law of crosscutting: faults & intrusions that cuts through other layers of rock are younger than the surrounding layers of rock.
Why?

49. Law of crosscutting: faults & intrusions that cuts through other layers of rock are younger than the surrounding layers of rock.
Why? Because the other older layers of rock had to be there before the fault or intrusion happened!

50. Law of Superposition with the law of crosscutting…-

51. More Superposition! Faulting

52. Order from youngest to oldest…

53. Which came first: the intrusion or the fault?

54. Use the laws of superposition & crosscutting to relatively date the layers below from oldest to youngest. G

55. worksheet

56. Scientists (mostly geologists, archaeologists, & paleontologists) use these laws to relatively date & tell our earth’s history.
Refer to p-t timeline showing only the beginning and the up-to-date current.

57. WHY do we say the LAWS of SUPERPOSITION & CROSSCUTTING help scientists RELATIVELY DATE the EARTH?

58. not this relative dating

59. SUPERPOSITION & CROSSCUTTING
RELATIVE
DATING

60. SUPERPOSITION & CROSSCUTTING
RELATIVE
DATING
does NOT give us ABSOLUTELY EXACT DATES, times, etc.

61. RELATIVE like…
Who is relatively colder?

62. RELATIVE like…
Who is relatively colder?

63. DO WE KNOW EXACTLY HOW MUCH COLDER?
RELATIVE like…
Who is relatively colder?
DO WE KNOW EXACTLY HOW MUCH COLDER?

64. DO WE KNOW EXACTLY HOW MUCH COLDER? NOT EXACTLY.
RELATIVE like…
Who is relatively colder?
DO WE KNOW EXACTLY HOW MUCH COLDER? NOT EXACTLY.

65. RELATIVE like… Who is RELATIVELY younger?
DO WE KNOW THE EXACT AGE OF THESE KIDS?

66. RELATIVE like… Who is RELATIVELY younger? NO
DO WE KNOW THE EXACT AGE OF THESE KIDS?

67. RELATIVE like… Which is relatively fresher?
DO WE KNOW THE EXACT DAY THESE FRUITS WERE PICKED?

68. RELATIVE like… Which is relatively fresher? NO
DO WE KNOW THE EXACT DAY THESE FRUITS WERE PICKED?

69. DO WE KNOW THE EXACT LENGTH
RELATIVE like…
Which nose is relatively longer?
Which is LONGER?
DO WE KNOW THE EXACT LENGTH
OF EACH NOSE?

70. DO WE KNOW THE EXACT LENGTH
RELATIVE like…
Which nose is relatively longer?
Which is LONGER?
DO WE KNOW THE EXACT LENGTH
OF EACH NOSE? NO. NO

71. RELATIVE like…
Which one is RELATIVELY younger?

72. RELATIVE like…
Who is RELATIVELY faster?

73. Which plane is RELATIVELY closer?
Do we know exactly how far away each plane is?

74. SUPERPOSITION & CROSSCUTTING
RELATIVE
DATING
does NOT give us ABSOLUTELY EXACT DATES, times, etc.
just shows how
rocks can RELATE
to one another
over time.

75. LET’S LOOK A LITTLE MORE CLOSELY AT THIS…
What about this?

76. UNCONFORMITIES can mess with our LAW of SUPERPOSITION.
What about this?

77. An UNCONFORMITY is a dramatic INCONSISTENCY in the GEOLOGIC RECORD
See the unconformity here?

78. An UNCONFORMITY is a dramatic INCONSISTENCY in the GEOLOGIC RECORD
See the unconformity here?

79. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
What about this?

80. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
What about THIS!!??

81.
unconformity lecture…first 5 minutes

82. Show BBC excerpt:
Look at BBC vid exerpt: “How did we get here?”…do quiz.
1-8 exploration & archiving diversity
14:22-19 minutes (fossilized Paris)
22:45-27 minutes (age of Earth experiment)
27-33 minutes (Geology inventor, Scottish unconformity—deep time—we are extensions of life)
39-42 Darwin
42-51 Wegener & plate techtonics, continental drift & biological evolution

83. UNCONFORMITIES are GAPS or deformations in our geologic records that say “something BIG happened here!”

84. UNCONFORMITIES are GAPS or deformations in our geologic records that say “something BIG happened here!”
Unconformity=catastrophic geologic event…

85. UNCONFORMITIES are GAPS or deformations in our geologic records that say “something BIG happened here!”
unconformity=catastrophic geologic event…
earthquake, volcano, mudslides, meteors etc.

86. Here’s an example of an unconformity.

87. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY. First, S was formed, then

88. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY
HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY. First, S was formed, then r,q,p,o… O P Q R S

89. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY
HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY. First, S was formed, then r,q,p,o…then BOOM! O P Q R S

90. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY
HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY. First, S was formed, then r,q,p,o…then BOOM--UNCONFORMITY! U O P Q R S

91. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY
HERE’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNCONFORMITY. First, S was formed, then r,q,p,o…then BOOM--UNCONFORMITY! Afterwards, layers f, d & e formed. E D F U O P Q R S

93. done…go to “what’s an unconformity.ppt for 2017- 18
Intrusions next!
done…go to “what’s an unconformity.ppt for

94. What causes most unconformities?

95. 2 geologic causes of UNCONFORMITIES:

96. 2 geologic causes of UNCONFORMITIES:
1. MOVING PLATES,

97. 2 geologic causes of UNCONFORMITIES:
1. MOVING PLATES,
2. INTRUSIONS.

98. INTRUSIONS CAN BE BIG OR SMALL.

99. INTRUSIONS CAN BE BIG OR SMALL.

100. INTRUSIONS CAN BE BIG OR SMALL.

101. INTRUSIONS CAN BE BIG OR SMALL.

102. INTRUSIONS ARE USUALLY MADE WITH MOLTEN IGNEOUS ROCK.

103. INTRUSIONS ARE USUALLY MADE WITH MOLTEN IGNEOUS ROCK.
Hot lava pushing up
from below the crust.
Either from subduction
or hot spots on Earth.

104. intrusions are always younger than the earth they break through.

105. intrusions are always younger than the earth they break through.
Which intrusion is youngest? 2 or 3?

106. Unconformities are missing gaps or deformities in the geologic record.
2. Which is an unconformity: A or B?

107. FAULTS are cracks in the earth’s crust, that follow the same rules as intrusions.
3. When did the fault occur?

108. FAULTS are cracks in the earth’s crust, they, like intrusion, are younger than the rock they crack through too!
3. When did the fault occur?

109. See the fault.
The rock on either side of this fault HAD to be there before the cracked fault came into existence.

110. intrusions & faults are always younger than the earth they break through.
When did an unconformity occur?

111. 4. ORDER A, B, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 FROM OLDEST TO YOUNGEST.
What’s the oldest rock layer numbered here?

112. Most of our earth’s layers are invisible to us.

113. Most of our earth’s layers are invisible to us.
So, how do geologists know all about Earth’s layers when they are mostly hidden under our feet?

114. They drill ROCK CORE SAMPLES!

115. These are earth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

116. These are earth CORE SAMPLES.
See the intrusions?

117. These are earth CORE SAMPLES.
See the unconformity?

118. Geologists collect and analyze these rock core samples all over the planet!

119. Geologists collect and analyze these rock core samples all over the planet!

120. Core sample activity…

122. So, the law of superposition is easy, but what about this?

123. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
But what about this?

124. The LAW of SUPERPOSITION is easy.
Is this large or small?

125. We’ll get back to that in a sec. but first we’re going to ask:

126. We’ll get back to that in a sec. but first we’re going to ask:
Is it a fossil or not?

127. Do a “IS IT A FOSSIL?” table that looks like this:
sample
Is it?
Why or why not?
What is it specifically? A B C D E F G H I J K L M

129. A series of spectacularly preserved, 750-million-year-old fossils represent the microscopic origins of biomineralization, or the ability to convert minerals into hard, physical structures. This process is what makes bones, shells, teeth and hair possible, literally shaping the  animal kingdom and even Earth itself. The fossils were pried from ancient rock formations in Canada’s Yukon by earth scientists Francis Macdonald and Phoebe Cohen of Harvard University. In a June Geology paper, they describe their findings as providing “a unique window into the diversity of early eukaryotes.”