1. أصول كندا وتطورها التاريخي الهيكلية الدستورية
مقدمة إلى كندا والفدرالية الكندية منتدى الفدراليات دورة مكثفة عن الفدرالية الديمقراطية
أصول كندا وتطورها التاريخي
الهيكلية الدستورية
توزيع السلطات بين أوتاوا والمقاطعات
أحداث واتجاهات رئيسية
ملاحظات ختامية
My job today – Introduction to Canadian Federalism: (First Slide)
Origins and historical evolution of Canada
Constitutional structure
Federal and provincial division of power
Significant modern developments (since WW II)
Concluding remarks

2. أصول كندا وتطورها التاريخي
السكان
الكونفدرالية – 1867
التطور
Origins and Historical Evolution of Canada (Second Slide)
People
Aboriginal communities
European settlement, starting in 16th century
French and English overseas empires
1759 – Battle of the Plains of Abraham, North America passed definitively to the English
Meant French and English had to learn to live together. Toleration/accommodation of French minority; not assimilation.
Confederation – 1867
Confederation – 1867 – foundation of modern Canada
At beginning, constructed out of 4 British colonies – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. PEI refused at first; N.S. tried to secede; Nfld didn’t come in until 1049.
In 1867, Canada still a colony of Great Britain.
Federal form of government, but with a very strong central government in Ottawa – a paternalistic relationship between Ottawa and the provincial governments. Sir John A. Macdonald would have preferred a unitary state.
Development
Canada has evolved into a federation spanning the continent, composed of 10 provinces and 3 territories.
As in other countries, the Canadian state – both federal and provincial – has grown enormously in the 20th century, as a result of war, industrialization, urbanization, new communications technologies, and rising citizen demand.
Provinces vary in size, population, in their economies, in their wealth, in their social and cultural composition.
Ontario has the largest population (11 million) and Quebec the largest territory (1.5 million square km): Prince Edward Island the smallest (130,000 people and 6000 square km).
It is now a genuine federation, with very strong provinces as well as a strong central government. Paternalism has almost entirely faded away.

4. وثيقتان دستوريتان أساسيتان قانون الدستور، 1867 قانون الدستور، 1982
الهيكلية الدستورية
وثيقتان دستوريتان أساسيتان
قانون الدستور، 1867
قانون الدستور، 1982
مبادىء دستورية
المهمات المركزية للدستور
Constitutional Structure (Slide 3)
Two Key Constitutional Documents
Canada governed by the rule of law, under a Constitution, some of it written.
Two key Constitutional documents
Constitution Act, 1867
Constitution Act, 1982
Constitutional Principles
Imported the British form of government and added federalism.
Preamble to 1867 says we will have a constitution similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom.
Constitutional monarchy.
We have a British Parliamentary system. The executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet) members of legislature, and formally responsible to it.
Bicameral at the federal level (with an appointed Senate), unicameral in all provinces.
Much of the most important parts of our system are not written down in the Constitution – eg., the office of the Prime Minister, the office of the Provincial Premiers, Ministers, Cabinets, political parties.
Our Constitution has evolved constantly in the last 130 years since the country was founded.
Biggest change was the passage of the Constitution Act, 1982, which introduced a formal amending formula for the Constitution and added a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Done under Pierre Elliot Trudeau; a major national controversy.
Central Functions of the Constitution:
To establish a political and economic union based on federal and democratic principles.
To outline a framework for the machinery of government and establish governmental institutions (eg., Parliament, courts).
To distribute legislative powers and executive authority between the provincial and national levels of government.
Since 1982, to provide guarantees for certain individual and collective rights.
To provide rules and procedures for changing the Constitution itself.

5. توزيع السلطات بين أوتاوا والمقاطعات
”حفظ السلام، والنظام والحكم القويم“
المادتان 91 و 92 من دستور 1867
مبادئ عامة لتوزيع وتعيين السلطات
المهمات العامة لكل مستوى من مستويات الحكم
Division of Powers Between Ottawa and the Provinces (Slide 4)
“Peace Order and Good Government”
Constitutional provisions for the DOP have been contested, frequently in the courts.
Original intention seems to have been to specify and limit the particular provincial powers, and to give one sweeping responsibility to Ottawa – POGG.
However, the founders chose to give examples of what POGG might mean with a list of 29 specific powers.
Today, we are much closer to having two lists and quarrels about what falls between – the 29 federal powers on the one hand, and the specific list of provincial powers on the other (16, in section 92).
Sections 91 and 92 of the 1867 Constitution
Sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867 enumerates most of the powers of the two orders of government.
The allocation of powers is not systematic or the product of a single coherent design (some mix of functions, some broad, sweeping statements of authority (Peace, Order and Good Government, regulation of trade and commerce)), some highly specific (currency and coinage, or beacons, buoys, lighthouses and Sable Island).
Originally, the federal government had paternalistic authority over the provinces:
Reserve and disallowance (Section 90)
Remedial legislation in education (Section 93)
Declaratory power (Section 92 (10) (c).
Federal appointment of provincial representatives of the crown (lieutenants governor)
The powers have fallen into disuse; feds still appoint l-g’s, but they have no power.
Local government is the exclusive responsibility of the provinces.
General Principles for Allocating Powers
Each order of government now sovereign in its jurisdiction. Disputes ultimately settled in Court.
Most powers are exclusive, rather than joint. Exceptions: agriculture (95); immigration (95); pensions (94A); natural resources (92A).
The residual power lies with the federal government.
General Functions of Each Order of Government
But in general, national Parliament was given responsibility for the construction and regulation of the national economy (trade and commerce, currency, banking, postal service), defence and foreign affairs, while provinces were given responsibility for the affairs of citizens and their communities (health care, social assistance, education).
Blurring of This Functional Distinction
This distinction has become blurred over the years.
Water tight compartments don’t exist anymore.
Governments and the state have grown enormously in this century.
Requirements of coordination to deal with overlapping jurisdiction have increased.
Federal spending power – power of Ottawa to spend its money as it sees fit, even in areas of provincial jurisdiction - has been used to allow the federal government to intervene heavily in the social policy field. Enormously important power in shaping the Canadian federation and the Canadian welfare state.
Today provinces are heavily involved in economic matters, and are active in some areas of international affairs (tourism, attraction of foreign investment, trade promotion). The Government of Canada, for its part, has a central role in many crucial social policy fields (health, education and research) - very often via federal fiscal transfers.
This reality creates lots of stresses and tensions, and requires the active management of the federation.
Makes intergovernmental relations (among the federal and provincial executives) a central function of our system – ongoing, unrelenting, intense.
Strong executives and both federal and provincial levels – therefore IGR is executive driven.

6. اقتصاد كندا السياسي والاجتماعي
أحداث واتجاهات أساسية
اقتصاد كندا السياسي والاجتماعي
بناء دولة الرفاه / نمو الديون والعجز الفدرالي والاقليمي (سنوات الخمسينات، والستينات، والسبعينات من القرن العشرين)
تقليص الانفاق على دولة الرفاه / تحقيق فائض في الموازنات (في الثمانينات والتسعينات من القرن الماضي)
محاولة التوصل إلى التوازن الصحيح
البناء التنافسي للمجتمعات السياسية ( )
بناء أمة قومية في كيبيك
بناء المقاطعات في بقية أنحاء كندا
بناء أمة قومية في كندا ككل
إدارة الفدرالية حالياً (1995 – الوقت الحاضر)
Major Trends and Events (Slide 5)
Building the Welfare State/ Growth of National and Provincial Debts and Deficits (1950’s, 1960’s, 1970’s)
Constraint of Welfare State/ Achievement of Budget Surpluses (1980’s, 1990’s)
Both the building up and the constraint had a big impact on federal-provincial relations. Fiscal federalism – conflict about the size and shape of federal financial transfers to the provinces at the core of the process.
National Building in Quebec and the First Sovereignty Referendum (1980)
Quiet Revolution 1960 – 1965.
Rise of Secessionist Parti Québécois; First Elected November 1976.
First Sovereignty Referendum Goal then and later sovereignty-association, not outright independence.
Battle between French-Canadian federalists in Ottawa (Trudeau) and French-Canadian nationalists in Quebec (Lévesque and Bourassa).
Province Building
Growing Importance of Provincial Responsibilities.
Increased Professionalization of Provincial Administrations.
Fiscal Power of Some Provinces (Alberta; natural resource revenues).
Nation Building in the Country as a Whole
Language Policy: Trudeau’s vision
Patriation of the Canadian Constitution – 1982
Amending Formula; Charter of Rights, Including Language Rights; Aboriginal Rights.
Process: Popularity of Package; Gang of Eight; Quebec’s Ultimate Exclusion/ refusal to sign.
National Energy Program
Unsuccessful Attempts at Accommodating Quebec
Meech Lake ( ) – distinct society; veto; immigration; spending power; SCC.
Charlottetown Accord (early 1990s).
Second Sovereignty Referendum (1995) and Its Aftermath
Result.
Plan A – Distinct Society; Legislative Veto, Training Agreement.
Plan B – Supreme Court Reference; federal government’s Clarity Bill.
Court’s opinion: UDI unconstitutional; but must negotiate if a clear answer to a clear question.
Clarity Bill: federal House of Commons will decide if Quebec referendum question is clear, and therefore a potential basis for negotiation. H of C will also decide – but only after the fact whether the vote in favour is sufficient – a clear majority.
Sovereignty movement – evolution. Demobilization?

7. ملاحظات ختامية بدأت على أنها ”شبه فدرالية“ : هي الآن فدرالية حقيقية
بدأت على أنها فدرالية شديدة المركزية: هي الآن فدرالية شديدة اللامركزية
توزيع السلطات – بدأت بنظام من مجالات السلطة المنفصلة واضحة المعالم: الآن تتصادم السلطات والمسئوليات الخاصة بكل مستوى من مستويات الحكم مع غيرها من المستويات الأخرى؛ تشابك وتنافس
الحكومة الفدرالية كانت، في البداية، تمارس دوراً أبوياً شاملاً: الآن تتمتع المقاطعات بحكم ذاتي ويقوم مستويا الحكم على أساس السيادة المتساوية في مجالات صلاحياتهما القانونية
كانت كندا في العام 1867 وما زالت حتى اليوم تتمتع بنظام فدرالي تسوده السلطة التنفيذية على مستويي الحكم الفدرالي والاقليمي
مكانة كيبيك ضمن الفدرالية ما تزال رسمياً بدون حل، ولكن الحياة تستمر
Work from slide itself