1. In-Class Review
Chapters 17-20

2. Chapter 17- European Exploration
Reasons for exploration
Remember the Three Gs
Marco Polo
Ottoman Empire
Means of exploration (what technology was introduced?)

3. Chapter 17- European Exploration
Important Explorers
Portuguese
Spanish
Bartolomeu Dias
First to sail around Africa
Vasco de Gama
First to sail to India
Christopher Columbus
Goal: Sail to India from the West
Discovery of Americas
Ferdinand Magellan
First to circumnavigate the globe

4. Chapter 17- European Exploration
New trade empires (based on control of colonies
Good: more and better goods = lower prices/better health
Bad: enslaved laborers and new diseases
Mercantilism (what is a country’s strength based on?)
New World  Old World: Columbian Exchange

5. Triangular Trade
Europe
New World
Africa
Atlantic Slave Trade

6. Chapter 17- European Exploration
Colonial Latin America
Social structure based on what?
Encomienda System
Native: Farm and mine for colonists
Europeans: Provide protection and land for native laborers

7. Chapter 18- Absolutism in Europe
Religious Wars
England vs. Spain
Spain attempts to spread Catholicism to England
Sent armada (destroyed by British navy)
France
Huguenots (French Calvinists) vs. Catholics
Edict of Nantes: Freedom of religion; Catholicism = French religion
30 Years War: Last religious war
Began religious; turned political
Effect: Holy Roman Empire broken up

8. Chapter 18- Absolutism in Europe
English Civil War- Only need to know about the effects
Tolerance Act
English Bill of Rights- Parliament has power of law
King limited; therefore, is not considered absolutist

9. Chapter 18- Absolutism in Europe
Absolutism: Ruler has no limits to their power
Goals: strong military, central power, obedience from subjects
Took away noble’s power and controlled trade

10. Chapter 18- Absolutism in Europe
France- Figures
Prussia/Russia
Richelieu (Royal minister)
First to begin centralizing government
Louis XIV
Appeased nobles (allies)
Palace of Versailles (meetings and living quarters of king)
Fought numerous wars
Colbert- Financial minister
Increased taxes
Subsidized French businesses
Frederick William (Prussia)
Drafted citizens into army (4th largest in Europe)
Gave nobles (Junkers) positions of power
Ivan IV (Terrible!)
Removed power from Russian nobles (boyars)
Peter the Great
Westernize Russia
New port to Black Sea: St. Petersburg

11. Chapter 18- Absolutism in Europe
Art and Culture
Baroque (buzzwords to describe movement?)
Shakespeare
Greatest English playwright
Why? understood human psychology
Ex: Romeo and Juliet (teenage love)
Macbeth (corruption from power)

12. Chapter 19- Ottoman Empire
First Gunpowder Empire
Sacked Constantinople
Now Istanbul (not Constantinople)
Elite guard = Janissaries
Kidnapped Christian children
Leader = Sultan
Society divided by: Occupation (what job you had)
Decline:
Corruption in government
Economic problems (Europeans begin controlling trade)
Citizens buying Euro. goods  getting to Western!

13. Chapter 20- Ming/Qing Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
Who were replaced?
Reforms to government
Civil service exam ---> government is meritocratic
Imperial City = centralized government; strength and power of China
Trade with Europeans
To Europe: Porcelain, tea, Confucianism
To China: Christianity, technology, silver

14. Chapter 20- Ming/Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty = Not Chinese!
Ruled by the Manchus
Identified Chinese males by hair
Style known as a queue (what was the point?)
Trade with Europeans
Response when pressured to increase trade: limit trade even more
Art/Culture
Most highly respected members of family: Elderly
Porcelain popular in Europe (incredibly beautiful)