1. Classification

2. What is Classification?
Grouping things according to similarities
exp. Library books

3. Taxonomy Science of classifying things
2.5 million different kinds of organisms have been discovered!
Helps keep track and organize info

4. Taxonomists classify organisms based on how they are alike
NOT JUST HOW THEY LOOK
exp. blood, dna, cells, environment, etc.

5. Early Classification Systems
Aristotle
classified organisms as either plants or animals
Animals were classified into smaller groups based upon where they lived
Land, Water, and Air environments
Plants were classified according to their sizes and kind of stem
Small plants with soft stems = herbs
Medium sized plants with woody stems = shrubs
Large plants with one woody stem = tree

7. Carolus Linnaeus - New Way of Classifying
Classified organisms according to their physical characteristics
Organisms that looked alike were grouped together
Known as the Father of Modern Taxonomy
Came up with Binomial Nomenclature

8. How are living things classified?
7 major classification levels
The # of different kinds of organisms in each level decreases as you move from the kingdom level to each of the next smaller levels
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Mnemonic Device: Help Remember Sequence!
King Play Chess On Fuzzy Green Stools
Kindly Put Candy Out For Good Students
King Phillip Came Over For Green Soup

9. Cladograms vs. Phylogenetic Trees
a diagram used in cladistics which shows relations among organisms.
Phylogenetic Tree
A phylogeny, or evolutionary tree, represents the evolutionary relationships among a set of organisms or groups of organisms, called taxa (singular: taxon). The tips of the tree represent groups of descendent taxa (often species) and the nodes on the tree represent the common ancestors of those descendants.

12. Dichotomus Key
a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters

13. Comparing the levels
The largest classification group → Kingdom (6 total)
Organisms in this group have similar cell structure and functions
exp. Animal Kingdom - multicellular, and get energy from food
Each Kingdom is further divided into → Phyla
Have similar body plans or structures
Phyla → Classes
Have more details of structure and function in common
Classes → Orders
Orders → Families
Families → Genuses
made up of two or more species that are very much alike
exp. Dogs and wolves belong to different species but the same genus
Genuses → Species

14. Species smallest classification group
have similar characteristics and can reproduce among themselves
exp. all dogs belong to the same species

16. Naming Organisms
Carolus Linnaeus named organisms using a 2-part scientific name
Binomial Nomenclature - 2 names
Made up of the organism’s Genus & Species
Genus = capitalized and Species = lowercase; both are italicized

17. The Three-Domain System
Scientists also classify organisms into groups based on how they have evolved, or changed, over time
Domains - broad classification categories (larger than Kingdoms)
Bacteria - Kingdom Eubacteria
Archae - Kingdom Archaebacteria
Eukarya - Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

18. Using DNA to Classify Organisms
Scientists are now using DNA to classify organisms
can identify related organisms
exp Scientists studied the DNA of whales & hippos
Both species have similar mutations in their DNA that are not found in other animals
Means that whales & hippopotamuses may have a common ancestor

19. What are the Kingdoms?
6 Kingdoms classified according to cell structure, whether they are unicellular or multicellular, and how they obtain energy

20. Kingdom Archaebacteria
unicellular organisms
do not have a true nucleus - genetic material is coiled & located in one region
lack many of the organelles found in other kinds of cells
live in extreme environments including hot springs, very salty or acidic conditions, and the bottom of the ocean
means “ancient bacteria”; were here millions of years before the dinosaurs

21. Kingdom Eubacteria simple, unicellular organisms
does not have a true nucleus
have different types of cell walls and cell membranes
live in soil, water, and even in humans
exp. E. Coli found in human intestines
exp. Streptococci is a eubacteria that causes strep throat

22. Kingdom Protista simple, unicellular or multicellular
Parameciums = unicellular, Algae = form colonies & are multicellular
has a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane
have a variety of organelles
includes both plant-like and animal-like organisms
some can make their own food while some ingest their food

23. Kingdom Fungi unicellular or multicellular plant-like organisms
exp. Yeast = unicellular, Mushrooms = multicellular
have a cell wall
do not have chlorophyll so they do not make their own food
absorb food from the environment - most feed on dead organisms
known as “Nature’s recycler”

24. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular organisms
have a cell wall made up of cellulose
have chloroplasts - chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts to make their own food - autotrophs
exp. trees, grasses, and flowering plants

25. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular organisms
obtain food by eating other organisms - heterotrophs
able to move great distances on their own unlike other kingdoms
exp. Birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals

28. What are Viruses?
nonliving particle made up of a piece of nucleic acid covered with a protein
does not have organelles
do not grow, take in food, or make waste
depends on living cells in order to reproduce

29. Virus Structure
a piece of nucleic acid covered with an outer coat of protein = capsid
makes up most of the virus and gives it its shape

30. Reproduction in Viruses
Reproduce & make more viruses inside other living cells
HAVE TO BE INSIDE A LIVING CELL

31. Viruses continued... Can enter a cell and remain inactive or dormant
When activated it can cause a disease
exp. Cold sore is caused by a virus that may have been dormant for years
When viruses leave the cell, the cell is often destroyed
this causes some infections - flus or colds
exp. HIV virus takes over a cell and forces the cell to release new viruses gradually by budding without causing the cell to burst

32. Classifying Viruses not classified in the 6 kingdom system
used to be classified based on which type of organism they infected
Today scientists classify these viruses based on their shape and structure
3 basic characteristics used
structure of their capsid
type of nucleic acid they contain - DNA or RNA
the way in which viruses reproduce
Typically named after the disease that it causes
exp. Rabies → rabies virus

33. https://www. youtube. com/watch
OXvjuy1-St6Zzkf Taxonomy Classification