1. Phonology

2. Phonetics
Articulatory
How sounds are produced

3. Phonetics Articulatory How sounds are produced Acoustic
The properties of the sound waves produced by speakers

4. Phonology
Study of how sounds are organized into a system

5. Phonology Study of how sounds are organized into a system
Organization is a cognitive process
Phonology is study of mental not physical processes

6. Phonology
Some linguists study phonology as a system apart from human cognition
They don’t test their ideas with psychological experiments
They base them mainly on patterns found in the language

7. Phonology
Some linguists study phonology as a system apart from human cognition
They don’t test their ideas with psychological experiments
They base them mainly on patterns found in the language
What they find is what people must handle somehow, but it says nothing about how they actually handle it

8. Phonology
Some linguists study phonology as a system apart from human cognition
They don’t test their ideas with psychological experiments
They base them mainly on patterns found in the language
What they find is what people must handle somehow, but it says nothing about how they actually handle it
These theories often assume abstractions not present in speech and not testable by experimentation

9. Phonology
Other linguists focus on how people actually process language
Often called psycholinguists
They carry out experiments
They ask how people handle patterns in the language
They accept abstractions that have experimental verification
e.g. the existence of phonemes, the syllable

10. How many different individuals?
Our analysis is based on distribution (where found)

11. How many different individuals?
There are 1 to 4 different individuals

12. How many different individuals?
If two characters appear in different places they may be the same individual
This is complementary distribution

13. How many different individuals?
If two characters appear in different places they may be the same individual
This is complementary distribution
If two characters appear in the same place they must be different individuals
This is contrastive distribution

14. How many different individuals?
Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution?

15. How many different individuals?
Who is in complementary distribution?

16. How many different individuals?
Who is in complementary distribution?
So Bruce is either Batman or Spiderman
Or Peter is either Batman or Spiderman
Or Bruce is Peter (which we can rule out)

17. How many different individuals?
Who is in complementary distribution?
So Bruce is either Batman or Spiderman
Or Peter is either Batman or Spiderman
Or Bruce is Peter (which we can rule out)
Notice that Batman can’t be Spiderman too

18. How many different individuals?
Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution?

19. How many different individuals?
Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution?
Contrastive. They appeared in SAME place so they must be DIFFERENT individuals

20. How many different individuals?
Are Batman and Spiderman in contrastive or complementary distribution?
Contrastive. They appeared in SAME place so they must be DIFFERENT individuals
We put different individuals in / /

21. How many different individuals?
This narrows it to 2 possibilities. Possibility ONE
Peter Parker transforms into Batman.
Bruce Wayne transforms in to Spiderman.
Peter Parker travels from NYC to Gotham to fight bad guys.Bruce Wayne travels from Gotham City to NYC to fight bad guys.

22. How many different individuals?
This narrows it to 2 possibilities. Possibility TWO
Peter Parker transforms into Spiderman.
Bruce Wayne transforms in to Batman.
No one has to travel to another city in order to fight crime so this situation is more plausible.

23. How many different phonemes?
What is distr. of [T, t, d, D]?

24. How many different phonemes?
What is distr. of [T, t, d, D]?
T word initially, internally, finally
t word initially, internally, finally
D word initially, internally, finally
d word initially, internally, finally

25. How many different phonemes?
What is distr. of [T, t, d, D]?
T word initially, internally, finally
t word initially, internally, finally
D word initially, internally, finally
d word initially, internally, finally
All 4 in SAME position so they are
DIFFERENT phonemes
/D/ – [D]
/d/ – [d]
/T/ – [t]
/t/ – [t]

26. How many different phonemes?
What is distr. of voiced vs. voiceless nasals?

27. How many different phonemes?
What is distr. of voiced vs. voiceless nasals?
Voiced appear word initially and finally
Voiceless appear after [h]

28. How many different phonemes?
What is distr. of voiced vs. voiceless nasals?
Voiced appear word initially and finally
Voiceless appear after [h]
Voiced and voiceless nasals appear in DIFFERENT contexts so they are instances of the SAME phoneme
/m/ ---- [m] \
[m̥]
The phoneme /m/ has two phonetic realizations (allophones)
The voiceless allophone appears after [h]
The voiced allophone appears elsewhere

29. Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] #sƏ usu #sa esu #su lsu #sæ #še uši

30. Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] #sƏ usu #sa esu #su lsu #sæ #še uši
Both appear word initially and after [u]

31. Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] #sƏ usu #sa esu #su lsu #sæ #še uši
Both appear word initially and after [u], but [s] never appears before [i, e] while [š] exclusively appears before [i, e] so they are in complementary distribution

32. Y diagrams Korean [s] vs. [š] /s/ ---- [s] \ [š]
[š] appears before [i, e] (non-low front vowels)
[s] appears elsewhere
[s] and [š] are not constrastive. They can’t change word meaning.
[s] and [š] are instances of the same thing (e.g. Peter Parker and Spiderman)