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copyright cmassengale

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1 copyright cmassengale
Classification copyright cmassengale

2 copyright cmassengale
Starter: Why do we classify? copyright cmassengale

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Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species. This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified all the time. This is a very active field in biology. copyright cmassengale

4 What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as systematics or Taxonomy. Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

5 Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly named organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

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Common names can be misleading Ex: A ________ isn’t a fish, but a _________ is! jellyFISH seaHORSE Image from: Sea cucumber sounds like a _____ but… it’s an ______! plant animal Image from: copyright cmassengale

7 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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8 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

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Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

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Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure copyright cmassengale

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Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming, known as binomial nomenclature Uses Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

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Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature uses Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

14 Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

15 Rules for Naming Organisms
The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names copyright cmassengale

16 Classification Groups
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

17 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

18 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

19 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

20 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

21 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

22 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

23 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

24 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

25 copyright cmassengale
Dumb Kids Playing Chase On Freeways Get Squished! copyright cmassengale

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Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEA More closely related to Eukaryotes than other Bacteria Live in Extreme environments Found in: -Thermal or Volcanic Vents Hot Springs that are acidic Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) Cell Walls lack Peptidoglycan copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEA copyright cmassengale

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BACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Commercially important in making medications, food products, etc. Found in most environments (soil, in other organisms, water, etc.) Cell Walls contain peptidoglycan copyright cmassengale

31 These bacteria make a home in your intestines! copyright cmassengale

32 Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

33 Finish Six Kingdom Chart!
We will take the next few minutes to finish the kingdom chart and present that information to the class! You need to research the kingdom on your table. Be prepared to talk about your kingdom. copyright cmassengale

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Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

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Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

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Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

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Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

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Systematics The Science of naming and grouping organisms. The goal is to organize living things into groups that have biological meaning. These groups are known as Taxa or Taxons. copyright cmassengale

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Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

42 Basis for Modern Systematics
Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

44 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
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Types of Evolution Divergent Evolution – The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species, resulting in once similar or related species to become more and more dissimilar Homologous Structures Convergent Evolution – Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments. Analogous Structures copyright cmassengale

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Classification In the past classification was done by looking at physical appearance. Evolutionary Classification – How we look at classification now using genetic code. Cladistics – Looking at innovations in organisms (features). Charts Cladogram – Branching family tree Sometimes called a phylogenetic tree. Phylogeny The study of evolutionary relationships. copyright cmassengale

47 Classification continued.
Common Ancestors Common ancestors are key in taxonomy or classification. This is how we tell what organisms are related. copyright cmassengale

48 Derived Characteristic
A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants. Example: Four limbs is a derived characteristic for all tetrapod's but not for mammals. While hair is a derived characteristic for all mammals but not for all Carnivora. But shearing teeth are are a derived character for carnivora. Meaning only carnivora have those teeth. copyright cmassengale

49 copyright cmassengale
Characteristics Derived Characters – a derived character is one that evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade and that sets members of that clade apart from other individuals. Example: a Jaw, 8 legs, etc… Clades Name for a group of organisms that have a common ancestor. Monophyletic Group – A single common ancestor and ALL of it’s descendants. copyright cmassengale

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Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

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Cladograms Think about speciation – one organism splitting into two. Each node represents a common ancestor. From that point new species were created by speciation. How close organisms are on the chart shows how related they are. Human and gorilla’s are more closely related than humans and baboons. copyright cmassengale

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Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

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Clade or Not? copyright cmassengale

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Clade or Not? copyright cmassengale

55 Cladogram Analysis Worksheet
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56 copyright cmassengale
Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

57 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

58 Dichotomous Key Worksheet
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59 copyright cmassengale

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