1. Classification

2. Non-Science Example of Classification
The item in this picture is
Automobile:
Truck, Car, or SUV? Car
Made by? Ford
Type of Ford car? Mustang
-Was made in what year? 2018
-Is it Convertible? No
-Color? Silver

3. Classification: Goes from General to Specific
Automobile – Biggest
Car
Ford
Mustang
2018
-Non Convertible
-Silver - Specific

4. Classification
Classify – to group things together based on similarities
Why Classify?
To make organisms easier to identify
To make organisms easier to compare
How do we classify?
Compare Traits – features or characteristics of an organisms
When dealing with living things, the science of classification is called Taxonomy.

5. Little Known Fact:
There are over ___1.5 Million_____; and more are discovered each year.
What do we classify? Somewhere between 2 and 100 million have yet to be discovered.
Why have we not found them? They live in environments that are difficult to deal with.
Classification serves as an organization system for all the existing and new organisms

6. Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C.
2 Groups: Plants and Animals
Plants – Green, Non Mobile
Then he divided the plants by size:
Small – herbs/grasses
Medium - shrubs
Large - trees
Animals – Not Green, Mobile
Then he divided the animals by location:
Land
Air
Water

7. How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system?
Katydid
Green but..
Mobile
Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough… but it did last for nearly 2000 years.

8. 2 Kingdoms turns to 3 Kingdoms
Aristotle – 300 B.C.
2 kingdoms – Plants and Animals
Linnaeus – 1758 A.D.
Earnest Haeckel
3 kingdoms – Plantae, Animalia and Protista.
The Protists consisted bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoans.

9. 3 Kingdoms turns to 5 Kingdoms
Robert Whitaker – 1969
Monera: (prokaryotes) bacteria.
Protista: (eukaryotes) microscopic, often unicellular.
Fungi: (eukaryotes) mushrooms, molds, lichens, etc....
Plants: (eukaryotes).
Animals: (eukaryotes).

10. 5 Kingdoms turns to 6 Kingdoms
Carl Woese – 1970s
Arhaebacteria: (prokaryotes) “ancient” bacteria.
Eubacteria: (prokaryotes) “true” bacteria.
Protista: (eukaryotes) microscopic, often unicellular.
Fungi: (eukaryotes) mushrooms, molds, lichens, etc....
Plants: (eukaryotes).
Animals: (eukaryotes).

11. 6 Kingdoms turns to 3 Domains
Bacteria – Common Bacteria
Archaea – Ancient Bacteria
Eukarya – Includes everything else, Protist, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Late 1990’s

12. Carlos Linnaeus
Swedish Botanist that is now considered the “Father of Taxonomy (Classification).”
Linneaus developed a classification system (1735) based only on structural features.
Different features = different species.
Same features = same species.
The Linnaean system of classification was widely accepted by the early 19th century (1800s) and is still the basic framework for all taxonomy in the biological sciences today.

13. Linnaeus Divisions Still Used in Modern Classification
1. Kingdom – largest group
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
(Most Closely Related)
We have now added DOMAIN which is bigger then Kingdom

14. Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order
Domain - Did
Kingdom - King
Phylum - Phillip
Class – Come
Order – Over
Family From
Genus Great
Species - Spain

15. Practice
Arrange the following from most specific to least specific: Class, Family, Genus, Order
A- Class, Order, Family, Genus
B- Family, Class, Order, Genus
C- Genus, Family, Class, Order
D- Genus, Family, Order, Class

16. Taxons Within each category, a particular group is called a Taxon
Many Taxons for each category
Ex: Mammalia is the Taxon for the Class category in Humans
Ex: Homo is the Taxon for the Genus category in Humans
Carnivora is the Taxon for the Order category in Lions

17. From Kingdom to Species

18. Example Classification
Lion
1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals)
2. Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals)
3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals – mammary glands)
4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters)
5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats)
6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats)
7. Species – leo (Lions)

19. Which two animals are most closely related?
At what taxon do they diverge?

20. Linnaeus Introduced Scientific Naming
Binomial Nomenclature is the 2 word scientific name of an organism
Uses Genus and Species
Genus is capitalized, not species, all italicized
In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline
Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human)
Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion)
Used Latin, which is understood by all scientists –
Felis concolor or Felis concolor

21. Why do we need a scientific naming system?
Scientific names eliminate the common name confusion
Ex: Cougars, Pumas, and Panthers are all the same organism
The common name depends upon where you live, but the Scientific name is the same WORLDWIDE
The scientific name is Felis concolor

22. What is the name of the Grey Wolf?

23. Practice
Scientific name for….
Humans? Squirrel?
Gorilla? Katydid?

24. Which scientific name is written correctly?
A- Alces Alces (moose)
B- Canis rufus (wolf)
C- pavo cristatus (peacock)
D- torsiops Truncatus (bottle nosed dolphin)

25. Tools Used to Classify Organisms
1. Comparative Anatomy
Compares Physical Structures, Traits
2. Biochemistry – DNA and RNA
3. Embryology – Developing Embryos
4. Molecular Basis – Cellular Structure
5. Phylogeny
Related Organisms with common ancestors, Derived Characters

26. What tool(s) could be used to separate a prokaryote and eukaryote?
A- Comparative Anatomy
B- Biochemistry
C- Embryology
D- Molecular Basis
E- Phylogeny

27. From Kingdom to Species
What characteristics could be used to create this specific classification of organisms?

28. Which is the most primitive?

29. What’s next?