1. Spanish American Revolutions (1810 – 1825)
AP World History Notes
Chapter 26

2. Spanish American Revolutions
Inspired by the North American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
Intellectuals had become familiar with ideas from the European Enlightenment

3. Why did they revolt? They became increasingly upset with:
Trade restrictions  could only trade with the “motherland”
High taxes they had to pay
Rigid colonial social structure that limited rights and privileges for many people

4. Spanish American Independence
It took the Spanish American colonies much longer to mobilize and move toward revolution than the colonies of North America  Why?
Had little tradition of self-government
Societies much more authoritarian and divided by class

5. Spanish American Independence
Latin Americans took action and started working toward independence when Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal in 1808
Royal authority in disarray
NOW would be the time to gain independence
Almost every Spanish American colony had achieved independence by 1826

6. A Long Struggle
The struggle for Latin American independence was lengthy because these societies were so conflicted and divided by class, race, and region
Internal violent conflict often broke out as they were trying to fight against Spanish rule simultaneously
Example: Creole elites versus peasants

7. Mexico Struggles for Freedom
1810 = Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos led the fight against Spanish rule in Mexico
Led a peasant insurrection
Believed revolt was the only way to achieve their 2 goals for Mexico:
1. Political freedom
2. End of slavery & improved living conditions for Mexico’s poor

8. Mexico Struggles for Freedom
An alliance of Church leaders and Creole elites raised an army and stopped this “radical” peasant rebellion
They brought Mexico to a more controlled independence
1821 = Mexico declared independence
1823 = Mexico became a republic

9. Spanish South America
Leaders of the South American independence movement against Spain = Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin
Bolivar’s nickname = “the Liberator”
Started revolts in  by 1826: they had liberated all of South America

10. How Do We Unite?
Latin American elites knew they needed the support of the people
Did NOT want a slave revolt like in Haiti
Answer = “nativism” = grouped all those born in the Americas (creoles, Native Americans, free black people, mestizos) as Americanos
And the enemy = those born in Spain and Portugal
People of color = enticed with promises of freedom, social advancement, and the end of legal restrictions
Few promises actually kept

11. Latin America After Independence
Spanish colonies did not unite like in North America
No “United States of Latin America”
Why not?
Sharp divisions along lines of race, class, and ideology still remained
Geographic obstacles prevented effective communication
Deeply rooted regional identities

12. Problems After Independence
The geography of Central and South America made transportation and communication difficult, which stalled trade and economic growth.
Spanish & Portuguese rule left the Latin Americans with no clue about how to run their own governments peacefully and democratically.
Independence didn’t bring about changes in social conditions  still a huge gap between the rich and the poor.

13. The Industrial Revolution and Latin America
AP World History Notes
Chapter 26
( )

14. After Independence in Latin America
Decimated populations
Flooded or closed silver mines
Diminished herds of livestock
Abandoned farms
Bankrupt treasuries
Shrinking international trade
Devastation from international wars
Politically unstable
Mexican-American War ( )
(Mexico lost huge territories to the U.S.)

15. After Independence in Latin America: Political Instability
Liberals
Conservatives
Favored centralized authority
Wanted social status quo of colonial era
Wanted to maintain an alliance with strong Catholic Church
Attacked the Church in the name of Enlightenment values
Wanted social reforms
Preferred federalism

16. After Independence in Latin America: Political Instability
Conflicts between conservatives and liberals often became violent
Enabled caudillos (military strongmen) to achieve power as defenders of order

17. After Independence in Latin America
And some mestizos who rose through military ranks to become caudillos
Social life did not change much
Slavery and legal distinctions between the races were abolished, but divisions remained in reality
Mostly Creole whites
Owned businesses, ranches, and plantations
Middle class = small
Mestizos
Teachers, shopkeepers, artisans
Lower class = majority of people
Black people, Native Americans, many mixed-raced people
Impoverished; Worked on small subsistence farms, in mines, or on haciendas (plantations)

18. Facing the World Economy
2nd half of 1800s = many countries in Latin America became more stable and started to integrate into the world economy driven by the industrialization of the U.S. and Western Europe
Rapid growth of Latin American exports to these countries
Industrialized countries needed food products, raw materials, and markets of new Latin American states
Facing the World Economy

19. Facing the World Economy
Latin American Country
Export(s)
Mexico
Silver
Chile
Copper (for electrical industry); nitrates (for fertilizers)
Bolivia
Tin (for tin cans)
Peru
Guano = bird droppings (for fertilizers)
Amazon rain forest
Wild rubber (for bicycle and car tires)
Central America
Bananas
Argentina
Beef
Ecuador
Cacao
Brazil and Guatemala
Coffee
Cuba
Sugar
Facing the World Economy

20. Facing the World Economy
In exchange for these goods, Latin American countries received: textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods from Europe and the U.S.
European countries and the U.S. also invested capital ($$) in Latin America
Mostly to build railroads there to help funnel exports to the coast

21. Becoming Like Europe? Latin American Progress
Economies growing and producing more
Population growing
Public health measures  safe drinking water, sewers, inoculations, etc.
Rapid urbanization
Mexico City in the late 19th Century

22. Becoming Like Europe?
To become more like Europe, Latin America wanted more actual Europeans
Targeted impoverished European immigrants
Promised them a new and prosperous life in the New World  most promises unfulfilled
Immigrant family from eastern Europe arriving in Buenos Aires, Argentina in the early 19th century

23. Effects of the Export Boom on Society
Upper-class landowners (1% of population) = gained as exports continued and their property values soared
Middle-class urban dwellers (8% of population) = grew in numbers and prosperity
Skills = valuable in a modernizing society
Professionals, lawyers, merchants, office workers, etc.
Everyone else = lower class = mostly impoverished
Lived in rural areas
New segment of lower class = urban workers  worked in mines, ports, railroads, and a few factories
Miners at Chihuahua, Mexico, 1868

24. Effects of the Export Boom on Society
Latin American urban workers created mutual aid societies, organized unions, and engaged in strikes to protest their harsh work environment and conditions
Authoritarian governments = acted harshly to crush unions and strikes
Wanted stability and progress in Latin America
A crowd of Mexican workers being addressed during the miners’ strike in 1906

25. The Mexican Revolution
Local protests and violence were frequent, but only in Mexico did this erupt into nationwide revolution
Middle-class reformers joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the long dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz ( )
Peasant armies under charismatic leaders like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata helped oust Diaz

26. The Mexican Revolution
= decade of bloody conflict that followed
About 1 million lives were lost
Goal = to seize land and redistribute it to the peasants
Many of Mexico’s large haciendas attacked

27. New Mexican Constitution (1917)
Proclaimed universal suffrage
Provided for redistribution of land
Stripped Catholic Church of any role in public education
Forbade Catholic Church from owning land
Minimum wage law
Eight-hour workday
Restrictions on foreign ownership of property
**Mexican Revolution’s influence = limited to Mexico; did not have a wider impact
The Constitution of 1917
Painting by Jorge Gonzalez Camarena

28. No Industrial Revolution in Latin America: Why Not?
90% of its population = in an impoverished lower class
Very small market for manufactured goods
Economically powerful groups (landowners, cattlemen, etc.) = benefited from exporting agricultural products
Little incentive to invest in manufacturing
Political leaders embraced free trade
Meant no tariffs on foreign products – so domestic manufacturing companies couldn’t compete
Depiction of the lower class supporting the upper classes

29. Latin America’s Economic Growth
Latin America’s economic growth = financed by capital from abroad
Latin America became dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions
Many U.S. companies allied with landowners and politicians in Latin America to set up businesses there
“New form of colonialism”  indirect, behind the scenes power exercised by foreign investors
The United Fruit Company was a U.S.-owned company in Guatemala

30. Banana Republic – politically unstable country particularly in S
Banana Republic – politically unstable country particularly in S. America dependent on a company.