1. “Paleoherbs”
Magnoliids
Eudicot Clade
2) Magnoliaceae
Monocot Clade
1) Nymphaeaceae
Flowering Plant Ancestor

2. 17) Ranunculaceae
Caryophyllid Clade
24) Viscaceae
Rosid Clade
Asterid Clade
18) Papaveraceae
Eudicots (Tricolpates)

3. 19) Caryophyllaceae
20) Chenopodiaceae (incl. In Amaranthaceae)
21) Cactaceae
22) Droseraceae
23) Polygonaceae
Caryophyllids

4. 19) Caryophyllaceae
Pink Family (as if cut with pinking shears – notched or zigzag edge)
Herbs with swollen nodes; anthocyanin present (no betalains)
Leaves opposite, connected at the base with a transverse line
4-6 tepals, no true petals but outer whorl of 4-5 stamens often petaloid
“Petals” very often lobed or having notches at the apex
Pistil with free central placentation
Fruit a many-seeded capsule opening by teeth or valves

5. Axile Placentation
Parietal Placentation
Free Central Placentation

6. Examples Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus (sweet william, carnation)
Gysophila (baby’s breath)
Silene (catchfly)
Arenaria (Sandwort)

7. Arenaria stricta

8. Cerastium glomeratum

9. Dianthus superbus

10. Lychnis spp.

11. Lychnis chalcedonica

12. Saponaria officinalis

13. Silene pratens

14. Stellaria sp.

15. 20) Chenopodiaceae (incl. in Amaranthaceae)
Goosefoot Family
Annual or perennial herbs and shrubs
Xerophytic (dry) and halophytic (salty– physiologically dry) habitats
Stems sometimes jointed and essentially leafless;
Flowers small, green, usually inconspicuous; petals absent, fruit an indehiscent nutlet
Betalains produced
Trapezoidal shaped leaves

16. Examples Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium (lambsquarter, spinach)
Beta (beet)
Salicornia (pickleweed)

17. Chenopodium album

18. Chenopodium album

19. Atriplex spp. [Saltbush]

20. Salicornia spp.

21. Salicornia virginica

22. Beta vulgaris

23. 21) Cactaceae Cactus Family Herbs to trees
Stems succulent, photosynthetic
Leaves generally modified as spines, often also with irritating hairs (glochids), sometimes leaves ephemeral and photosynthetic
CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
Flowers solitary, terminal
Tepals and Stamens numerous
Ovary almost always inferior
Fruit a berry

24. Examples Cactaceae Opuntia (prickly pear)
Lophophora williamsii (peyote)
Zygocactus (christmas cactus)

25. Ferocactus spp.

26. Ferocactus spp.

27. Schlumbergii spp.

28. Opuntia spp.

29. Opuntia engelmanii

30. Echinocereus triglochidiatus

31. Echinocactus grusonii

32. Ferrocactus spp.

33. Lophophora williamsii

34. Mammilaria spp.

35. Carnegia gigantea

36. Pereskia spp.