1. OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUSE
GOOD: it deals with the overt behavior of person in appropriate situation.
Not haphazard.
Scientific observation of behavior is systematic.
It is quantitative.
Immediately.
Expert job.
Result can be checked.

2. TYPES OF OBSERVATION CONTROLLED OBSERVATION. UNCONTROLLED OBSERVATION.
STANDARDIZED OBSERVATION.
NATURAL OBSERVATION.

3. STEPS OF OBSERVATION
SELECTION OF VARIOUS ASPETS OF BEHAVIOURFOR OBSERVATION
MAKING CLEAR THE MEANING OF SELECTED BEHAVIOUR
TRAINING OF OBSERVER.
QUANTIFYING OBSERVATION.
REPORT WRITING.

4. PRINCIPALES OF OBSERVATION
OBSERVE THE WHOLE SITUATION.
OBSERVE STUDENTS IN ROUTINE ACTIVITIES.
OBSERVATION OVER A LONG PERIOD.

5. MERITS Reliable & Objective. Natural Setting.
Useful for young & shy children.
NO need for equipment & tool.
Useful for individual & groups.
Immediate Detection of problems.

6. LIMITATIONS Subjectivity Less accuracy Interference
Objective Recording
Lack of competency.
Unnatural situation.
Expensive.
Slow & labories.

7. thanks

8. RATING SCALES
WRIGHT STONE : “ Rating scale is a selected list of Words, Phrases, Sentences or paragraphs following which an observer records a value or rating based upon some objective scale of values”.
A.S.Barr: “Rating is a term applied or judgment regarding some situation, object or character. Options are usually expressed on scale values. Rating techniques are devices by which judgments may be quantified”.

9. TPPES OF RATING SCALES Numerical Rating Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Graphic Rating scale
Never
Seldom
frequently
always
occasionally

10. Descriptive graphic Rating Scale:
Never participates
Quite, passive
Participates as much as other group members
Participates more than any other group member

11. SUGGESTIONS FOR RATING SCALES
Numbers of gradations
Statements objectively defined
Instructor clear
Evaluator trained & intelligent

12. ADVANTAGES OF RATING SCALES
Acquaints with student’s working.
Helps parents to know students.
Student aware of shortcomings.
Help administration in decision.
Selecting children for admission.

13. DEMERITS OF RATING SCALES
The error of leniency.
Halo error: influenced by someone.
Logic error: similarity gives same rating.
Difference b/w quality of judgment.

14. THANKS