1. INSIDE THE CELL

2. Cell Diversity and Size

3. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION
ORGANELLES:
CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL

4. EUKARYOTES ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN: MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS
OTHER ORGANELLES

5. PROKARYOTES UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS
LACK OTHER ORGANELLES
EXAMPLE= BLUE-GREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM
Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped bacteria.

7. INSIDE THE CELL CYTOPLASM: B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE
WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED
CYTOSOL:
GELATIN-LIKE FLUID THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES

8. NUCLEUS: LARGE NEAR CENTER OF CELL CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO
DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL

9. NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS
CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome)
CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN
NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT)
NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION

10. MITOCHONDRIA THE “MIGHTY MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!! CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA
SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE
NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE

11. MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL
TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S
ATP = (AdenosineTriPhosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY
CAR (MITOCHONDRIA)
GASOLINE (CHEMICAL RXN)
GAS + ENGINE = CAR STARTS (ATP MADE)
CAR RUNS (ENERGY)
MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL

12. SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES
OUTER & INNER
CRISTAE:
THE LONG FOLDS INSIDE THE INNER FOLD
ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE
CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE

13. RIBOSOMES MOST NUMEROUS ORGANELLE IN THE CELL NO MEMBRANE
60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S

14. PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS
Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. antibodies
transported and used elsewhere in the organism
WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO ER:
PROTEINS INSERTED TO MEMBRANES
PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL
                                       
    
   
    
Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when translating a mRNA.

15. Proteins being made by DNA
                                                                                                                   
              
Proteins being made by DNA
Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can be used by the body.

16. JHK RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK

17. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES
INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY”
MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER
2 TYPES OF ER:
SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes)
ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES)

18. ROUGH ER:
IN CELLS THAT MAKE A LOT OF PROTEINS
USED FOR EXPORT OUT OF THE CELL
ALSO TO BE INSERTED INTO THE CELL MEMBRANE
SMOOTH ER:
INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) OF STEROID GLAND CELLS
REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS
BREAKDOWN OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY LIVER CELLS

19. ROUGH ER
SMOOTH ER

20. GOLGI APPARATUS PROCESSING PACKAGING SECRETING ORGANELLE
SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES “PANCAKES”
SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL
MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL

22. LYSOSOME SMALL SPHERICAL ORGANELLE
ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I SINGLE MEMBRANES
DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS., LIPIDS, DNA, RNA
SOMETIMES DIGEST: OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED
RARE IN PLANT CELLS

23. NUCLEUS a. NUCLEOLUS ER a. THE 2 TYPES RIBOSOME MITOCHONDRIA
LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING:
NUCLEUS a. NUCLEOLUS
ER a. THE 2 TYPES
RIBOSOME
MITOCHONDRIA
a. CRISTAE
LYSOSOME
GOLGI APPARATUS

24. CYTOSKELETON NETWORK OF LONG PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL
NO MEMBRANE
AIDS IN MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES
MICROFILAMENTS:
THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN.
SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON

25. ASSIST IN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION
MICROTUBLES:
LARGEST STRANDS
HOLLOW TUBES
WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL
SPINDLE FIBERS:
THICK BUNDLES
ASSIST IN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION

27. HOW CELLS MOVE
CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL
SHORT & IN LARGE QUANTITIES = CILIA
LONG & LESS NUMEROUS = FLAGELLA