1. The Structure of the Cell

2. Cell Theory: 1. The basic unit of life
2. All living things are composed of cells
3. Cells come from preexisting cells

4. Two Types of Cells:
1. Prokaryotic cell- No nucleus or membrane bound organelles (smaller, primitive, first cells on earth)
2. Eukaryotic cell- Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles (larger, more evolved)

5. Prokaryotes are the first cells to evolve
Draw this prokaryotic cell
This is an electron micrograph of an actual prokaryotic cell. It has a rod shape

6. Cell Wall- Prevent cell from bursting.
3 basic shapes- cocci, bacilli, and spirilli
Capsule- Outside the cell wall. For additional protection.
Plasma membrane- Regulates what crosses into the cell
Nucleiod Region- where circular DNA is found
Ribosomes- Workbench, where proteins are made

7. *Flagella- Solid core of protein. Rotate like helicopter roter
*Pili- Extentions that allow prokaryotes to come together for DNA exchange
*Lamella- contains chlorophyll for photosynthetic prokaryotes
* Not on all prokaryotes

8. Eukaryotic Cells: More highly evolved with organelles for work
Organelles evolved from
Involution of cell membrane
Prokaryotic cells

11. Picture below is an electron micrograph of nuclear pores

12. The nucleolus in the Nucleus and contains DNA, which codes for the production of ribosomal RNA.
This is an actual picture of the nucleus

13. The nucleus has a double membrane or a nuclear envelope
The nucleus has a double membrane or a nuclear envelope. Has protein pores to regulate materials in and out. Contains DNA (chromatin) which codes for proteins
Electron micrograph of a nucleus with protein pores and showing the double membrane

14. Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Connected to the nuclear membrane.
Rough E.R. pitted with ribosomes that make proteins and put them into the E.R.
The proteins are then shipped to the Golgi for modification
The ribosomes are only attached when making proteins and “fall off” when they are done

15. E.R. is continuous with the nuclear membrane

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth) E.R.
Attached to the rough E.R. is the smooth E.R. without ribosomes
Synthesis of Lipids and phospholipids
Breakdown of glycogen
Detoxification of drugs
Storage of calcium in muscles needed for contraction

17. Electron micrograph of the Golgi Apparatus

18. Golgi receiving macromolecules from the E.R. for modification

19. Golgi Apparatus
Golgi is made of flattened membranes. Vesicle deposits material, the molecules go through membranes to get modified. Golgi apparatus is made from membranes of the E.R.
1. Modifying proteins from the E.R.
2. Making certain polysaccharides
3. Contributing to the plasma membrane

20. Evolutionary Theory of Protobiont