1. Thoracic cage True ribs Manubrium sterni False ribs
Floating ribs
Manubrium sterni
Sternum Body of sternum
Xyphoid process

2. Typical rib: 3rd- 9th Head directed posteriorly Subcostal groove
Anterior end (anteriorly)

3. First rib

4. Typical ribs
Atypical ribs----1,2,10,11,12

6. Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacrum (5)
coccygeal (3-5)

7. Primary curves (Concave):
Thoracic and pelvic
Secondary curves (Convex):
Cervical and Lumber

8. Body
Pedicle
Intervertebral notch
Lamina
1- Vertebra= body + vertebral arch (pedicle + Lamina)
(vertebral canal and vertebral foramen)
2- Vertebral arch includes 7 processes
( 2 transverse, 2 superior, 2 inferior and 1 spine)

9. How the vertebrae are attached together:
Annulus fibrosus
I.V. discs
Nucleus pulposus
How the vertebrae are attached together:
1- Joints ( intervertebral discs + between superior and inferior processes)
2- Ligaments

10. Ligaments between vertebrae
Anterior longitudinal
ligament
Interspinus and
supraspinus ligaments
Spinal nerves passing
Through IV foramen
Ligaments between vertebrae
1- ant. Long. Ligament
2- post. Long. Ligament
3- ligamentum flavum
4- interspinus and supraspinus ligaments
Posterior longitdinal
ligament

11. Typical thoracic vertebrae: 2-9
Atypical thoracic vertebrae: 1,10,11 and 12
Typical thoracic vertebra:
First Thoracic vertebra:
- Small body
Long horizontal spine
-upper complete facet on the body
11th& 12th thoracic vertebrae:
Complete facet on the body
-inferior articular facet directed
laterally
- Short blunt spine
1- Facets on the body and transverse
processes for articulation with ribs
2- Circular body (or heart shaped)
3- The spine is long tapering and directed
backwards and downwards

12. Joints between vertebrae and ribs:
1- Costovertebral: articular surfaces & supporting ligament
2- costotransverse: articular surfaces & supporting ligament

13. Joints between vertebrae and ribs:
1- Costovertebral: articular surfaces & supporting ligament
2- costotransverse: articular surfaces & supporting ligament