1. Welcome to

2. Complete this list of things to get off to a good start:
Log on to Blackboard and enter the Physio 1 class site.
Review all menu links and all pages of the syllabus carefully!
Make sure Blackboard has your correct address (change through the Zone or Class-Web if necessary.
Take Syllabus Quiz online by We, Aug 24th, 11:59 pm (10 pts.)
Furthermore, by Aug 24th:
Fill out and turn in student info sheet
Introduce yourself in Bb Discussion Board
Log on to Connect
10 start up pts.

3. Textbook – some special features:
Clinical Investigation
Engaging Art
Interactions
Chapter summary
Review Activities: EOC questions
Glossary and Index
Connect

4. Ch 1: Introduction to Physiology
Lesson SLOs
Describe the scientific study of human physiology
Describe key elements of the scientific method explain an example of a well-designed experiment
Define and describe homeostasis
Explain the role of antagonistic effectors in maintaining homeostasis
Diagram examples of negative and positive feedback loops
Explain the concept of a stem cell and list three different types.
Identify the body fluid compartments

5. Moving beyond the genome: from genomics to proteomics
Physiology is . . .
. . . the study of the ___________ of all plants and animals in their ____________ state.
Comparative physiology / Pathophysiology
. . . an integrative science
Moving beyond the genome: from genomics to proteomics

6. The Science of Physiology is
based on the Scientific Method
Review
Basic steps of scientific method
Parameters to consider
Experimental design

7. Basic Steps of Scientific Method:
Observation (and/or study of prior knowledge) Hypothesis Experimentation Collection and analysis of data (can you replicate results?) Conclusion: reject or accept hypothesis
theory

8. Parameters to consider:
Independent vs. dependent variables
Experimental group vs. control group: only one independent variable is changed
Controlled by
experimenter
Responds to independent variable:
gives results.

9. Measurements, Controls, and Statistics
In addtion to the above, good physiological research requires:
Quantifiable measurements
Statistical analysis
Review and publication by a peer- reviewed journal

10. Independent variable ( researcher manipulates)  ?
Dependent variable ( responds to independent variable)  ?

11. Apply scientific method:
Company has found new artificial sweetener Prior knowledge: Some food additives are not safe. Hypothesis: ? Experiments: ? Collect and analyze data Conclusion

12. Animal vs. Human Experimentation
In Physiology most knowledge is derived from _______ experimentation.
Sometimes human experimentation necessary.
Difficulties of Human Experimentation:
Variability → very dissimilar test subjects
Psychological aspects → placebo vs. nocebo effects
Ethical questions → is it o.k. to withhold potential drug from seriously ill?

13. Developing Pharmaceuticals
Basic research
In vitro research
Animal studies (usually rats and mice) = in _______
Animal trials may take several years.
Experimental Design for Human Studies
Blind study (subjects do not know if they get treatment or placebo)
Double-blind study
Double-blind crossover study (each subject participates in experimental AND control group)

14. Phases of clinical trials
Phase I clinical trials: _________human volunteers to test for side effects, rates of passage, dosage, etc.
Phase II clinical trials: test effectiveness on people with the particular disease.
Phase III clinical trials: large #s of people; very inclusive. From here FDA can approve drug for sale.
Phase IV trials test other applications for the drug.
to include both sexes, many age groups and ethnicities, and people with more than the one health condition.

15. Many Forms of Human Studies
For example:
Longitudinal studies (e.g.: Framingham Heart Study)
Retrospective studies (e.g.: Silent aspiration: results of 2,000 video fluoroscopic evaluations.)
Meta-analysis (e.g.: Meta-analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk)

16. Review Levels of Organization

17. Homeostasis and Feedback Control
Def: __________constancy of internal environment
Regulated through collaboration of body systems
Many body parameters controlled via homeostatic mechanisms (?)
Failure to maintain homeostasis  _____
Pathophysiology (E.g.: DM)
Relative or dynamic

18. Negative Feedback Loops
Sensors detect change and send information to the:
Integrating center, which assesses change around a set point. The integrating center then sends instructions to an:
Effector, which can make the appropriate adjustments to counter the change from the set-point
Continuous process, constant fine adjustments to stay in normal range

19. Antagonistic Effectors
Homeostasis often maintained by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions. Antagonistic controls are used to stay near set point: Negative feedback
Fig 1.3/4
A knowledge of normal ranges aids in diagnosing diseases and in assessing the effects of drugs and other treatments in experiments

20. Quantitative Measurements

21. Homeostasis Review
Dynamic Constancy with Oscillation around Set Point

22. Negative Feedback Example

23. 2 types of feedback loops: Negative and Positive
NOT homeostatic !!
Homeostatic

24. Baby drops
lower in uterus to
initiate labor
Push baby
against
cervix
Cervical
stretch
causing
stimulates
Uterine
contractions
Oxytocin
release
causes
Positive feedback loop
Delivery of baby
stops the cycle
Positive Feedback
Not homeostatic! Cannot work alone, needs outside force to be shut off Helps many negative feedback loops Other examples?

25. Nerual and Endocrine Regulation
Intrinsic regulation: Cells sense change and signal to neighboring cells  response (local pathway
Extrinsic regulation: Brain or ES regulate an organ (long distance pathway)
NS “innervates” organs with ___________
ES releases hormones ____________________________
Into blood and then to target organs

26. Control systems regulate variables
Brain
evaluates the
change and
initiates a
response.
Systemic
change in blood
pressure sensed
here.
LOCAL
CHANGE
RESPONSE
Blood vessels
REFLEX
is initiated by cells
at a distant site.
In local control, cells
in the vicinity of the
change initiate the
In reflex control, cells at a distant
site control the
Response
Stimulus
Integrating center
KEY
local pathways long distance (reflex) pathways

27. Neural Control - detailed
Fig 1.6

28. Feedback Control of Hormone Secretions
Fig 1.7

29. Stem cells Differentiation starts during embryonic development
Totipotent zygotes
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells
Multipotent adult stem cells E.g.: Bone marrow cells, ....?
This ability to become any type of cell in the body is called pluripotent. Thedifference between totipotent and pluripotent cells is only that totipotent cells can give rise to both the placenta and the embryo. 4. As the embryo grows thesepluripotent cells develop into specialized, multipotent stem cells.

30. Cell Differentiation
From 1 ___________ to > 200 different types of cells
Mechanism: differential gene activation 2

31. Body Fluid Compartments
brand new human baby is 75 percent water.
But then, with every step we take, we begin to dry. The longer we live, the drier we get. One year after birth, a human baby is only 65 percent water – a ten percent drop, says the U.S. Geological Survey.
Babies are wetter than children. By the time we're adults, the USGS says, adult men are about 60 percent water, adult women 55 percent. Elderly people are roughly half water.
Intracellular: area inside the cells; contains 65% of total body water

32. Clinical Investigation
Primary tissues, organs, and systems: Review on your own.
the end