1. CANADA: A HISTORY OF PEACEKEEPING OR PEACEMAKING?

2. In the beginning …
After it’s roles in The Great War and World War Two, recognition of Canada’s accomplishments and achievements allowed our nation to emerge from the shadow of the British Empire. However, Canada soon found itself being overshadowed by the materializing super power to the south…the U.S.A.

3. Canada faced the problem of avoiding too great an American influence on its foreign policy. The United States was the dominant member in many of the collective security organizations that had been created in the post-war years.

4. Participation in international ventures, such as the Korean War, allowed Canada to take an active role in world affairs, but these undertakings did not fully meet the needs of Canadian foreign policy. Canada had not yet found a comfortable role in which to exercise its middle-power status.
Canadian Korean War Memorial with 516 plaques. Canadian Korean War veterans, below.

5. The Korean War ( )

6. The Korean War (1950-53) Korea was divided after
Japan’s defeat in WWII
North became communist
South became democratic
In 1950, the North invaded the South
Kim II-Sung
leader in the North
Syngman Rhee
leader in South

7. The Korean War ( )
The UN sent in a force of troops representing 32 countries, including Canada
Over Canadians served, wounded and 400 were killed
armistice was signed in 1953

8. The Korean War (1950-53) What it meant for Canada: Loss of troops
Showed our support of the UN and our willingness to fight to support those goals

9. Canada finds her place…
Ultimately, however, Canada was able to find a role that was perfectly suited to its national temperament and middle-power status. The role that Canada created for itself was that of mediator and peacemaker. Canada became recognized for its efforts to use quiet diplomacy to resolve international disputes.

10. Peacekeeping is an important part of our Canadian heritage and identity, which reflects our personality and fundamental beliefs.
Peacekeeping is a pillar of Canadian foreign policy and our contribution to an international security system. Canada has been involved in Peacekeeping missions for over fifty years and been participating in a majority of missions given by the United Nations Security Council. Canada has built a strong reputation for being active peacekeepers throughout the world.

11. Between 1947 and the present, Canada has participated in almost 40 UN peacekeeping missions. More than 100,000 soldiers have served as peacekeepers. Over 600 Canadians have given their lives in U.N. Peacekeeping missions.
Suez Crisis ( )
Cyprus (1964 – 1993)
Somalia (1992 – 1993)
Yugoslavia (1992 – 1995)

12. Lester B. Pearson
In 1956 the word 'peacekeeping' became popular thanks to Canada's 14th Prime Minister.
Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs and then later the Canadian Prime Minister, proposed the development of an international peace force under the control of the United Nations.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his visionary idea.

13. The Suez Crisis, 1956

14. The Suez Crisis, 1956
Egyptian president Gamel Abdel Nasser seized this trade route from Britain and France
Israel saw this as a direct threat from Egypt
Britain and France joined with Israel to attack Egypt
Soviet Union sided with Nasser of Egypt

15. The Suez Crisis, 1956 What it meant for Canada:
Canada’s Minister of External Affairs, Lester B. Pearson, went to the UN and suggested the creation of an emergency peacekeeping body
The United Nations Emergency Force went to the Suez to keep the combatants apart while a settlement to the crisis was worked out

16. The Suez Crisis, 1956
Pearson won a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in 1957

18. Genocide in Rwanda 1994
The Rwandan Genocide was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority. During the approximate 100-day period from April 7 to mid-July 1994, an estimated 500,000–1,000,000 Rwandans were killed
The Rwandan Genocide was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority. During the approximate 100-day period from April 7 to mid-July 1994, an estimated 500,000–1,000,000 Rwandans were killed, constituting as much as 70% of the Tutsi and 20% of Rwanda's total population. The genocide was planned by members of the core political elite known as the akazu, many of whom occupied positions at top levels of the national government. Perpetrators came from the ranks of the Rwandan army, the National Police (gendarmerie), government-backed militias including the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi, and the Hutu civilian population.

19. Tutsi vs Hutu

20. On April 6, 1994, an airplane carrying Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down on its descent into Kigali, killing all on board.
On April 6, 1994, an airplane carrying Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down on its descent into Kigali, killing all on board.
Juvénal Habyarimana

21. Hutu Power movement Genocidal killings began the following day
Genocidal killings began the following day: soldiers, police and militia quickly executed key Tutsi and moderate Hutu leaders, then erected checkpoints and barricades and used Rwandans' national identity cards to systematically kill Tutsi.
Genocidal killings began the following day

22. These forces recruited or pressured Hutu civilians to arm themselves with machetes, clubs, blunt objects and other weapons to rape, maim and kill their Tutsi neighbors and to destroy or steal their property. The breach of the peace agreement led the RPF to restart its offensive and rapidly seize control of the northern part of the country before capturing Kigali in mid-July, bringing an end to the genocide

23. Romeo Dallaire and UNAMIR
Following the death of Habyarimana, Roméo Dallaire liaised repeatedly with both the Crisis Committee and the RPF, in an attempt to re-establish peace. He addressed the government forces during the night of 6 April, expressing regret at Habyarimana's death but urging them to restrain the killings that had commenced; he also urged Kagame not to resume the civil war, to avoid esacalating the violence and to give UNAMIR a chance to rein in the killings. Neither side was interested in a ceasefire, the government because it was controlled by the genocidaires, and the RPF because it considered it necessary to fight to stop the killings. UNAMIR's Chapter VI mandate rendered it powerless to intervene militarily, and most of its Rwandan staff were killed in the early days of the genocide, severely limiting its ability to operate. UNAMIR was therefore largely reduced to a bystander role, and Dallaire later labelled it a "failure.“ Its most significant contribution was to provide refuge for thousands of Tutsi and moderate Hutu at its headquarters in Amahoro Stadium, as well as other secure UN sites. UNAMIR also assisted with the evacuation of foreign nationals; a group of Belgian soldiers, who had been sheltering 2,000 Rwandans at the École Technique Officielle, were ordered to abandon their station to assist in the evacuation. After the Belgians left, Hutu militants entered and massacred everyone inside

24. The genocide had a lasting and profound impact on Rwanda and its neighboring countries. The pervasive use of war rape caused a spike in HIV infection, including babies born of rape to newly infected mothers; many households were headed by orphaned children or widows. The destruction of infrastructure and the severe depopulation of the country crippled the economy, challenging the nascent government to achieve rapid economic growth and stabilization. The RPF military victory and installation of an RPF-dominated government prompted many Hutus to flee to neighboring countries, particularly in the eastern portion of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), where the Hutu genocidaires began to regroup in refugee camps along the border with Rwanda. Declaring a need to avert further genocide, the RPF-led government led military incursions into Zaire, including the First (1996–97) and Second (1998–2003) Congo Wars. Armed struggles between the Rwandan government and their opponents in DRC have continued to play out through proxy militias in the Goma region, including the M23 rebellion (2003–2013). Large Rwandan Hutu and Tutsi populations continue to live as refugees throughout the region.

25. 9/11 and the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001

26. War in Afghanistan
The War in Afghanistan is the period in which the United States invaded Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks.
Supported initially by close allies, they were later joined by NATO beginning in It followed the Afghan Civil War's 1996–2001 phase.
Its public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power.
Key allies, including Canada, supported the U.S. from the start to the end of the phase. This phase of the War is the longest war in United States history
The War in Afghanistan is the period in which the United States invaded Afghanistan after the September 11 attacks. Supported initially by close allies, they were later joined by NATO beginning in It followed the Afghan Civil War's 1996–2001 phase. Its public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power. Key allies, including the United Kingdom, supported the U.S. from the start to the end of the phase. This phase of the War is the longest war in United States history

27. Canada in Afghanistan 2001-2014
158 Canadian soldiers killed
2000 wounded
$18 billion spent

28. Afghanistan (2001)
Canada’s efforts in Afghanistan focused on four priorities:
promoting regional diplomacy
helping deliver humanitarian assistance.
investing in the future of Afghan children and youth through development programming in education and health
advancing security, the rule of law and human rights

29. Recently, the role of peacekeeping has evolved to be closer to peacemaking:
What is the difference?
Peacekeeping: using diplomacy in order to affect the outcome of regional conflicts in a manner which promotes your country's international interests.
Can you think of an example of this?
Peacemaking: using military force in order to affect the outcome of regional conflicts in a manner which promotes your country's international interests.
What would be an example of this?

30. Despite the significant costs -- both human and financial -- of peacekeeping, Canadians are generally supportive of their country's activities in this field. Canadians realize that in taking on this difficult, and often unappreciated, task, their soldiers are making a significant contribution to the international community.