1. Lecture 04 Genalin Lagman Taguiam
Motivation
Lecture 04
Genalin Lagman Taguiam

2. Course objective
At the end of the week’s activity, the student should be able to:
explain the factors for a motivated behavior
apply knowledge on psychological concepts (motivation) in the care of patients

3. Why do you….. eat everyday? sleep every night? go to school? work?
make friends?
want to get married?

4. Motivation
the force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors
direct and activate behaviors
It is what causes us to take action

5. Motivation Three major components to motivation Activation Persistence
involves the decision to initiate a behavior
Persistence
the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist
Intensity
can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal

6. Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so.
An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration.
These animals do not learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior.

7. Theories of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation
suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards.
For example, you might be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid.
Behavioral learning concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role in this theory of motivation.

8. Theories of Motivation
Drive Theory of Motivation
people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs.
This theory is useful in explaining behaviors that have a strong biological component, such as hunger or thirst.
The problem with the drive theory of motivation is that these behaviors are not always motivated purely by physiological needs.

9. Theories of Motivation
Arousal Theory of Motivation
suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal.
According to this theory, we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based on the individual or the situation.

10. Theories of Motivation
Humanistic Theory of Motivation
based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions.
This is famously illustrated in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which presents different motivations at different levels.

11. Hierarchy of needs
The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid.
Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security.

12. Motivation Two sources of motivation External incentive factors
Goals in the outside world such as food, water, sexual partners and drugs
Incentives are target of motivated behavior and are typically rewarding.
May activate the brain’s dopamine system

13. Motivation Two sources of motivation Internal drive factors
Promote homeostasis
Preservation of a constant internal state
Consist of components
A goal value or set point for the ideal internal state
A sensory signal that measures the actual internal state
A comparison between a goal value and sensory signal
Response that brings the actual internal state closer to the goal value

14. Temperature regulation by the hypothalamus
Motivation
Temperature regulation by the hypothalamus

15. Mr.Zakariya Al Naamani Anatomy & Physiology II (NURS 190)

16. Motivation Thirst regulation
Water is essential to human existence because it transports nutrients and oxygen to tissues and helps purge wastes from the body.
If you become dehydrated, your basic thirst motivation is triggered and replenishing liquids in your body becomes a primary goal.
Because constant water loss is a natural function of the body, it is kept in check by maintaining intracellular and extracellular fluid.
Depletion of intracellular fluid occurs when water outside a cell contains higher quantities of sodium than water inside a cell.
The cell then becomes dehydrated and shrinks, sending the message that an adjustment needs to be made.

17. Motivation Thirst regulation
Extracellular fluid loss is caused by excessive amounts of blood loss as well as loss of sodium through sweating.
The kidneys become key players in regulating fluids by restoring blood volume to normal levels.
Before water is released through urination, the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is unleashed, allowing water instead to be retrieved and directed to the bloodstream.
They do this by constricting blood vessels through the release of an enzyme into the bloodstream.

19. Motivation Hunger motives
Largely controlled by homeostatic deficit and satiety signal
Neurons in the brain (brain stem and hypothalamus) detects shortages in the brain and trigger hunger
Nutrient detectors in the liver detect increasing energy stores and trigger satiety
Can be influenced by external hunger cues

20. Motivation Hunger motives
Two regions of the brain are critical to hunger
Lateral hypothalamus (eat center)
Stimulation causes overeating
Destruction causes under eating
Ventromedial hypothalamus (no-eat center)
Stimulation causes under eating
Destruction causes overeating

21. Motivation Hunger motives Eating disorders Obesity BMI of 30 or more
Causes
Genetically predisposition
Overeating
During emotional arousal
More responsive to external hunger cues

22. Motivation Hunger motives Eating disorders Anorexia nervosa
Characterized by extreme, self-imposed weight loss
Bulimia nervosa
Characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by attempts to purge the excess by means of vomiting and laxatives

23. Motivation Sexual motivation
Puberty occurs somewhere between ages eleven and fourteen
causes people to think in depth about their sexuality for the first time.
Hormones in females (estrogen) produce breasts, “shapely curves,” and genital advancement
Hormones in males (testosterone) produce development of facial and underarm hair, voice changes, muscle definition, and genital growth.

24. Motivation Sexual motivation
These natural changes prepare the body for sexual interaction by displaying obvious external developments that tell the world (potential mates) it's ready to reproduce.

25. References
Kalat, J. W. (2008). Introduction to Psychology 8th Edition. (pp ; ) USA: Thomson Learning, Inc
Smith, E., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B., & Loftus, G. (2003). Atkinson's and Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology 14th Edition. (pp ) Singapore: Thomson Learning.