1. Chapter 2 Culture and Organizational Behavior

2. Case 1: A cultural clash in the entertainment industry
Can any nation protect its cultural characteristics and uniqueness?
In a world of instant communications via the Internet?
World wide distribution of movies?
World wide transmission of television?
World wide travel?
What is the potential of subsidies, trade restrictions, quotas, and governmental control of sustaining a unique national culture?

3. Case 6—A & B Ellen Moore-Living/working in Bahrain
Culture in Bahrain & Saudi Arabia
Role of professional women
Adjustments to stereotypes
When to adjust & when to challenge?

4. Case 6: “Ellen Moore: Cases
Did Ellen compromise her values (too much) in accepting the Customer Service position?
How useful are her tips for women in becoming successful in management?
Meeting fellow employees or others?
Obtaining recognition?
Adjusting to stereotype female roles (when required)?
Finding and using a mentor?
Adjusting to the culture?
Negotiating with her husband on relative roles?

5. Defining Culture: An unbounded definition
A way of life of a group of people
That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
Everything that people have, think, and do as members of society

6. Narrowing the definition: Sathe’s Levels of Culture
Manifest
culture
Manifest
culture
Expressed values
Expressed values
Water
line
Basic
assumptions
Basic assumptions
Iceberg
Onion

7. How is Culture Learned? Enculturation Primary Socialization
Non-intentional process that includes all of the learning available as the result of what is in an environment to be learned
Primary Socialization
more intentional learning process that occurs in the family and local community
Subcultures
Develop because a group has an ethnic background, language, or religion that is different from the majority population
Secondary Socialization
Occurs after primary socialization and usually equips people with the knowledge, skills, and behavior to enact adult roles successfully

8. Classifications of culture
Broad classifications: Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Cultural Framework
Detailed classifications:
Tonnies and Loomis’s amplification
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Variations in Values Orientations
Hofstede’s definition of culture & Bond’s addition
Schwartz's classification
Trompenaars’ 7 Dimensions of Culture

9. Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Cultural Framework
High-Context Low-Context
China Austria
Egypt Canada
France Denmark
Italy England
Japan Finland
Lebanon Germany
Saudi Arabia Norway
Spain Switzerland
Syria United States

10. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Variations in Values Orientations
Framework to describe how different societies cope with various issues or problems
Includes 6 Values Orientations
A culture is defined by one or more variations of a values orientation

11. Kluckhohn & Strodbeck definition of national culture
Type of national culture
Traditional-high context
Mixed
Modern—Low context
Relation to nature
Subjugation
Harmony
Mastery
Time view
Past
Present
Future
Human nature
Evil (theory X)
Good (theory Y)
Activity
Being
Containing
Doing
Relationships
Hierarchical
Group
Individualistic
Spatial
Public
Private

12. Relation to Nature Subjugation Harmony Mastery
Accept nature; don’t try to change it
Harmony
Coexist with nature (feng shui)
Mastery
Change nature through technology when necessary or desirable

13. Time Orientation Past Present Future Emphasizes tradition
Focuses on short-term
Future
Emphasizes long-term

14. Basic Human Nature Good Mixed-Neutral Evil People trust each other
Generally trusting but need to be cautious and protect self
Evil
Lack of trust

15. Activity Orientation Doing Containing/Controlling Being
Emphasis on action, achievement, learning
Containing/Controlling
Emphasis on rationality and logic
Being
Emphasis on enjoying life and working for the moment

16. Relationships among People
Individualistic
People define themselves through personal characteristics and achievement
Group-oriented
People relate to and take responsibility for members of the family, network, or community
Hierarchical
People value group relationships but also within the society emphasize relative ranking of groups

17. Space Orientation Public Mixed Private Space belongs to all
There is a combination of public and private space
Private
People consider it important to have their own space

18. Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Values
Focuses specifically on work-related values
Developed in 1980 with data over 116,000 employees in 72 countries
Average scores for each country used to develop national profiles to explain differences in work behaviors

19. Hofstede’s definition of culture & Bond’s addition
individualism-collectivism
uncertainty avoidance
power distance
masculinity/femininity
Confucian work dynamism (time orientation)

20. Hofstede’s definition of culture & Bond’s addition
Type of culture
Traditional-High context
Mixed
Modern- Low context
Relationships
Collectivism
Combination
Individualism
Uncertainty avoidance
Extensive
Limited
Power distance
High
Low
Activity
Femininity
Masculinity
Time orientation
Long term
Short term

21. Individualism/Collectivism
Collectivistic
People value the overall good of the group
Individualistic
People have concern for themselves and their immediate families

22. Power Distance
The extent to which less powerful members of organizations accept that power is unequally distributed
Large
Differences among people with different ranks are acceptable
Small
Less comfortable with power differences

23. Uncertainty Avoidance
Indicates preferred amount of structure
Weak
People prefer unstructured situations
Strong
People prefer more structure

24. Masculinity/Femininity
Extent to which people prefer traditional male or female values
Feminine
“Tender” values dominant - personal relationships, care for others, quality of life, service
Masculine
“Tough” values dominant - success, money, status, competition

25. The Chinese Value Survey
Reaction to the Hofstede study
Developed in Chinese based on traditional Chinese values
Translated and administered to students in 23 countries
4 dimensions, 3 match Hofstede (PD, I/C, and M/F) plus Confucian Work Dynamism

26. Long-term/Short-term Orientation
High Confucian work dynamism/Long-term oriented
Concern with future, value thrift and persistence
Low Confucian work dynamism/Short-term oriented
Oriented toward past and present, respect for tradition but here and now is most important

27. Schwartz's classification
Focuses on universal aspects of individual value content and structure
Based on issues that confront all societies
The nature of boundaries between the individual and the group.
How to support responsible behavior.
How to regulate the relation of people to the social and natural world.

28. Embeddedness Versus Autonomy
People view others as inherently part of collectives. Meaning in life comes from social relationships & shared way of life & goals.
Autonomy
Individuals seen as autonomous, bounded entities who find meaning in their own uniqueness
Intellectual autonomy - people follow their own ideas and value curiosity, creativity, and open-mindedness
Affective autonomy - individuals independently pursue positive experiences that make them feel good

29. Hierarchy Versus Egalitarianism
The social system has clearly defined roles to identify obligations & rules of behavior
Egalitarianism
Think of each other as equals sharing basic human interests that values equality, justice, honesty & responsbility

30. Mastery Versus Harmony
Emphasizes understanding and fitting in with the environment, rather than trying to change it
Mastery
Encourages people to master, change, and exploit the natural and social environment for personal or group goals

31. Trompenaars’ Dimensions of Culture
Dimensions represent how societies develop approaches to managing problems and difficult situations
Over a 14 year period, data collected from over 46,000 managers representing more than 40 national cultures

32. Trompenaars’ 7 Dimensions of Culture
Particularism vs. Universalism
Collectivism vs. Individualism
Affective vs. Neutral Relationships
Diffuse vs. Specific Relationships
Ascription vs. Achievement
Relationship to Time
Relationship to Nature

33. Universalism Versus Particularism
Particularist
Circumstances and relationships influence judgments of what is good or true
Universal
Judgment of what is good or true applies to every situation

34. Individualism Versus Communitarianism
Emphasizes group membership, social responsibility, harmonious relationships, and cooperation
Individualist
Focus on self, personal freedom, and competitiveness

35. Specificity Versus Diffusion
Level of particularity or wholeness used by the culture to define different constructs
Diffuse
Focus on conceptual wholeness and relationships of all kinds are valued
Small public spaces and larger private spaces
Specific
Objective, break things down into small parts
Large public spaces and smaller private spaces

36. Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status
Ascription
Believe people are born into influence, and who you are, your potential, and your connections are all important
Achievement
Emphasize attainment of position and influence through a demonstration of expertise

37. Inner Direction Versus Outer Direction
Outer-directed
Believe virtue is outside the person and located in nature and relationships
Inner-directed
See virtue as being inside the individual and believe that conscience and convictions are internal

38. Sequential Time Versus Synchronous Time
Synchronic
Do several activities simultaneously, the time for appointments is approximate, and interpersonal relationships are more important than schedules
Sequential
Do one thing at a time, make appointments and arrive on time, and generally stick to schedules.

39. The World Values Survey
Study of sociocultural and political change
Collected data from more than 65 societies
Four waves of data collection: 1981, , , and

40. Traditional Versus Secular-Rational Orientations Toward Authority
Values reflect preindustrial society and the centrality of the family
Secular-Rational
Opposite preferences to traditional

41. Survival Versus Self-Expression Values
Put priority on economic and physical security over self-expression and quality of life
Self-expression
Opposite preferences to survival

42. Do the Frameworks Explain Differences?
Represent average behavior within a culture
Countries classified similarly may still be very different
Reliability may vary
Range of differences on any dimension exists within the population of a single country
Can explain differences in individual people’s behavior within the same country

43. Convergence or Divergence?
Closer communication and trade links
Worldwide markets and products
Different cultural interpretations
Need to maintain cultural identity

44. Implications for Managers
Understanding culture important even in home country
Organization’s stakeholders could be from another culture
Need to look for underlying cultural meanings