1. Effective Classroom Strategies
Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado
RAK Medical and Health Sciences University
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Effective Classroom Strategies

2. Classroom Instruction That Works
Identifying similarities and differences
Summarizing and note taking
Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
Homework and practice
Nonlinguistic representations
Cooperative learning
Setting objectives and providing feedback
Generating and testing hypotheses
Questions, cues and organizers
You will recall from our discussion last time that these this hierarchical
listing of strategies finds Similarities and Differences at the top,
with an effect size of 1.6.
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Effective Classroom Strategies

3. Classroom Instruction That Works – Effect Size
Category
Ave. Effect Size
Percentile Gain
# of Studies
Identifying similarities and differences
1.61 45 31
Summarizing and note taking
1.00 34
179
Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
.80 29 21
Homework and practice
.77 28
134
Nonlinguistic representations
.75 27
246
Cooperative learning
.73
122
Setting objectives and providing feedback
.61 23
408
Generating and testing hypotheses 63
Questions, cues and organizers
.59 22
1251
You will recall from our discussion last time that these this hierarchical
listing of strategies finds Similarities and Differences at the top,Show video after this.
with an effect size of 1.6.
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Effective Classroom Strategies

4. Using the 9 Instructional Strategies in Lesson/Unit Planning
Beginning of the Unit/Lesson
Clear Learning Goals
(#7 Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback)
Students identify and record their own goals 1. 2.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

5. During the Unit Introducing New Knowledge
1. Guide students to recall what they already know about the topics.
(#9 Cues, Questions, Advance Organizers)
2. Provide students with ways of thinking about the topic in advance.
3. Compare new knowledge with what is known.
(#1 Identifying Similarities and Differences)
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

6. During the Unit Introducing New Knowledge
4. Have students keep notes
(#2 Summarizing and Note-taking)
5. Non-linguistic representations, share with others
(#5 Non-linguistic Representations)
6. Have students work individually and in groups.
(#6 Cooperative Learning)
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

7. During the Unit Practicing, Reviewing and Applying Knowledge
1. Assign homework that requires practice, review and application of learning. Give explicit feedback as to the accuracy of all homework.
(#4 Homework and Practice, #7 Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback)
2. Engage students in long-term projects that involve testing and generating hypotheses.
(#8 Generating and Testing Hypotheses)
3. Have students revise the linguistic and nonlinguistic representations of knowledge as they refine their understanding. (# 2 Summarizing and Note taking, #5 Nonlinguistic Representations)
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

8. During the Unit Monitoring Learning Goals
1. Feedback and Self-Assessment
(#7 Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback)
2. Students keep track of achievement and effort expending toward goals
(#3 Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition
#7 Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback)
3. Celebrate legitimate progress
toward learning goals
(#3 Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition)
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

9. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
End of the unit… Helping students determine how well they have achieved their goals (#3 Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition, #7 Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback)
Provide students with clear assessments of their progress on each goal.
Have student assess themselves and compare with the teacher’s assessment
Ask them to articulate what they have learned.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

10. 9 Strategies = Results in all subjects
Specific Instructional Strategies can be matched to specific types of knowledge.
Different types of learning sometimes necessitate different types of instruction.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

11. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Before you start…
Be clear about the learning that you want your students achieve.
Understand which strategy works best to accomplish your learning target.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

12. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Generalizations that enhance student’s understanding of what is being taught and their ability to use that knowledge.
Teacher directed – presenting students with guidance
Asking students to independently engage in the activity
Use non-linguistic representation
Student generate own explanations and create non-linguistic representation
Periodically review the accuracy of their explanations and representations
Page 127 – chart imagery –based techniques
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Effective Classroom Strategies

13. Categories of Subject Matter Knowledge
Declarative Knowledge (Information and Ideas)
Vocabulary
Details
Organizing Ideas
Procedural Knowledge (Skills and Processes)
Skills and Tactics
Processes
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

14. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
4 Strategies for Similarities and Differences
The process of identifying and articulating similarities and differences among items.
Comparing
The process of grouping things into definable categories on the basis of their attributes.
Classifying
The process of identifying and articulating the underlying theme or general pattern in information.
Creating Metaphors
There are four strategies listed in the book:
Comparing
Classifying
Metaphors, and
Analogies.
Today we will only have time to deal with the first two, you can obtain the book and review the other two on your own.
The process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts (e.g., relationships between relationships).
Creating Analogies
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Effective Classroom Strategies

15. Identifying Similarities and Differences: Comparing Task, Round 1
Venn Diagram
Apples and Oranges
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

16. What are the steps in the comparison process?
COMPARING
1. Select the items you want to compare. To
2. Select the characteristics of the items on which you want to base your comparison.
3. Explain how the items are similar and different with respect to the characteristics you selected.
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Effective Classroom Strategies

17. Our Goals for Student Learning…
Help prepare for further learning
Identify critical relationships
Gain understanding, clear-up
confusion, make new connections
Change in knowledge structure as a result of instruction
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

18. Tips Related to the Comparison Process
One key to a rigorous comparison is to identify items and characteristics that are meaningful and interesting. To do this, students need extensive modeling and feedback. If the items and characteristics are not meaningful, students will not make new distinctions or come to new conclusions about the targeted knowledge.
TIP
Make sure that students understand that the purpose of doing the comparison is to extend and refine their understanding of the knowledge they are learning. Asking students to select different characteristics will help them move beyond the obvious.
TIP
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

19. Identifying Similarities and Differences: Comparing Task, Round 2
In Jigsaw Groups:
Venn Diagram/Comparison Matrix
Apples and Oranges
Learning Goal: How does temperature and length of growing season effect the nutritional value of fruit?
How was Round 1 different than Round 2?
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

20. ELA and Math GLCE …comparing or contrasting?
Comparing is the process of identifying similarities and differences between or among things or ideas.
Comparing refers to identifying similarities
Contrasting refers to identifying differences.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

21. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
ELA and Math GLCE Task
Find a GLCE at your grade level and content area that would be suitable to compare, contrast or both.
Would you use Venn Diagram/Comparison Matrix/other?
What steps would you have to take in order for students to use comparison with the GLCE independently?
Think-Pair-Share
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

22. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
What are the steps in the classifying process?
CLASSIFYING
1. Identify the items you want to classify.
2. Select what seems to be an important item, describe its key attributes, and identify other items that have the same attributes.
Birds
Fish
Dogs
3. Create a category by specifying the attribute(s) that the items must have for membership in this category.
4. Select another item, describe its key attributes, and identify other items that have the same attributes.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

23. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
CLASSIFYING
(cont’d)
5. Create the second category by specifying the attribute(s) that the items must have for membership in the category.
Birds
Fish
Dogs
6. Repeat the previous two steps until all items are classified and the specific attributes have been identified for membership in each category.
7. If necessary, combine categories or split them into smaller categories and specify attribute(s) that determine membership in the category.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

24. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Content Area: Science
Knowledge: Understands that different animals
live in different environments.
We have been learning that different animals live in different environments. Classify the following animals in terms of whether they live in lakes or oceans, forests, in the soil, or in the desert.
raccoons moles clams scorpions
squirrels frogs bears lizards
deer fish ants turtles
worms ducks snakes
Now, reclassify these animals using another set of attributes. For example, you might identify attributes that relate to the animal’s skin or outer covering (e.g., has fur, scales, has a shell). You may use a blank classifying graphic or your own chart to do this task.
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

25. Classification – a strategy for GLCE
ELA- Genre characteristics, poetry, types of fiction
Math – whole numbers, fractions, negative numbers, geometrical figures
Science – habitat, endangered, geographical location, adaptation
Social Studies – human, economic and capital resources.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

26. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Creating Metaphors
Identify a general or basic pattern in a specific topic and then find another topic that seems quite different at the literal level but has the same general pattern.
Examples…
Counting is a recipe.
Vocabulary is a map legend.
Instructional Strategies are onions.
Video Clip:
Math Metaphors
Show video as an example.
Move
Movie, guided practice
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Effective Classroom Strategies

27. Steps for Creating Metaphors
1. Identify the important or basic elements of the information of situation with which you are working.
2. Write that basic information as a general pattern by:
Replacing words for specific things with words for more general things, and
Summarizing information whenever possible
3. Find new information or a situation to which the general pattern applies.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

28. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Metaphor Organizer
Element
Literal Pattern
Abstract Relationship
Internet
Coffee shop
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

29. Examples of Metaphors in Content Areas
Social Studies-America is freedom and promise
Math-The graph of the sine function is a roller coaster
ELA-Writing is a process
Science-The cell is a factory
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

30. Recommendations for Classroom Practice
Giving students a model for the process.
Using familiar content to teach students the steps in creating metaphors
Giving students graphic organizers, and
Giving students guidance as needed
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

31. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Analogies … A question
What is the purpose of asking students to create analogies?
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

32. The purpose of analogies in the classroom
Help make connections between things that are very different
Pattern is A:B::C:D
A is to B as C is to D
happy:sad::big:small
happy and big are opposites of sad and small
Analogy problems are common in testing situations – PSAT, SAT, ACT.
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

33. Using Analogies in the Classroom
Help explain an unfamiliar concept by making a comparison to something that we understand.
Question… What is this analogy?
One:trillion::one square inch: the area of the city of Chicago
Pushes students to think about how items and concepts are related: how do two things interact, and how is the relationship similar to the relationship between the second pair.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

34. Analogies Organizer – Great DepressionB
Stock Market
Crash of 1929
U.S. Economy
Is to
Something attacks a system and weakens its ability to prevent serious affliction. AS C D
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

35. “Summarizing has a robust and long history of research.”
Bob Marzano says…
“Summarizing has a robust and long history of research.”
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

36. Task: Strategic questioning
What is the goal or purpose of engaging students in summarizing activities?
To what extent do you think the act of summarizing varies from grade level to grade level? From content area to content area? Why do you think this?
Think-Share-Pair
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

37. Critical questions for Watching Video Clip
For the student:
How do I decide what is important?
What should I keep?
What should I substitute?
What should I delete?
For the teacher:
What strategies do you teach students to help them become proficient in summarizing?
To what extent do you think these strategies support them in identifying what they should keep, substitute, and delete?
How do you know if engaging in these strategies is really helping students to deepen their understanding of the content?
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

38. A Model for Summarizing
Steps for Rule-Based Summarizing
Delete trivial material that is unnecessary to understanding.
Delete redundant material.
Substitute super-ordinate terms for more specific terms (e.g., use fish for rainbow trout, salmon, and halibut).
Select a topic sentence or invent one if it is missing.
Steps in Rule-Based Summarizing for Younger Students
Take out material that is not important to your understanding.
Take out words that repeat information
Replace a list of things with a word that describes the things in the list (e.g., use trees for elm, oak, and maple).
Find a topic sentence. If you cannot find a topic sentence, make one up.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

39. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
The word photography comes from the Greek word meaning “drawing with light”….Light is the most essential ingredient in photography. Nearly all forms of photography are based on the fact that certain chemicals are photosensitive- that is, they change in some way when exposed to light. Photosensitive materials abound in nature; plants that close their blooms at night are one example. The films used in photography depend on a limited number of chemical compounds that darken when exposed to light. The compounds most widely used today are called halogens (usually bromine, chlorine, or iodine.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

40. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
The word photography comes from the Greek word meaning “drawing with light”….Light is the most essential ingredient in photography. Nearly all forms of photography are based on the fact that certain chemicals are photosensitive- that is, they change in some way when exposed to light. Photosensitive materials abound in nature; plants that close their blooms at night are one example. The films used in photography depend on a limited number of chemical compounds that darken when exposed to light. The compounds most widely used today are called halogens (usually bromine, chlorine, or iodine.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
11/14/2018
Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

41. Research generalizations on summarizing
Students must delete some information, substitute some information, and keep some information.
To effectively delete, substitute, and keep information, students must analyze the information at a fairly deep level.
Being aware of the explicit structure of information is an aid to summarizing information. Summary Frames
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

42. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
The Six Summary Frames
Narrative Frame
Topic-Restriction-Illustration Frame
Definition Frame
Argumentation Frame
Problem/Solution Frame
Conversation Frame
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

43. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
A summary is …
A summary:
Is an essential condensation in your own words.
Answers the question “what is the author really saying?”
Is the result of careful “listening” to the author.
Remains faithful to the author’s emphasis and interpretation.
Does not disagree with or critique the author’s opinion.
A summary is a comprehensive but brief statement of what has been stated previously in a longer form.
A summary is a wrap-up----a general picture of the information--- much like TV networks produce at the end of a year.
Summaries provide a quick overview of a subject without having the reader wade through a lot of facts and details. Summaries help readers and writers boil information down to its most basic elements.
Encyclopedias, almanacs, and digests provide good examples of summaries.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

44. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Procedural Knowledge
Summarizing is “procedural knowledge.” If students are expected to become proficient in procedural knowledge, they need to be able to “practice.”
Mastering a skill or process requires a fair amount of focused practice. Practice sessions initially should be spaced very closely together. Over time, the intervals between sessions can be increased. Students also need feedback on their efforts.
While practicing, students should adapt and shape what they have learned.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

45. A Rubric for Summarizing4
The student identifies the main pattern running through the information along with minor patterns. 3
The student identifies the main pattern running through the information. 2
The student addresses some of the features of the main pattern running through the information but excludes some critical aspects. 1
The student does not address the main pattern running through the information.
Not enough information to make a judgment.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

46. Planning for Summarizing
What strategy will I ask students to use?
Rule-based Summarizing Strategy
Summary Frames
Narrative or Story
TRI
Definition
Argumentation
Problem/Solution
Conversation
Group Enhanced Summary Strategy
Other ___________
What knowledge will students be learning?
What specific information will students need to summarize?
film or video
chapter
lecture
story
article
event
other_______________
Do I need to set aside time to teach them the strategy? When and how?
How much guidance will I provide them?
How will I monitor how well students are doing?
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

47. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
Summary and the GLCE
Find a GLCE at your grade level and content area that would be suitable to summarize.
What steps would you have to take in order for students to use summary with the GLCE you chose independently?
Think-Pair-Share
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

48. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
For Information on Summary Frames please visit the Saginaw Midland Intermediate School District Website.
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)

49. Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)
A Call to Arms…
Leading Change – What can you do?
Teachers need to have…
Adequate modeling and practice
Feedback
Allowances for differences in implementation
Celebration
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Effective Classroom Strategies (Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado)