1. Stomach Anatomy Openings Regions Gastroesophageal: To esophagus
Pyloric: To duodenum
Regions
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

2. Stomach Histology: Layers Serosa or visceral peritoneum: Outermost
Muscularis: Three layers
Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique
Submucosa
Mucosa

3. Stomach Histology Rugae: Folds in stomach when empty
Gastric pits: Openings for gastric glands
Contain cells

5. Small Intestine anatomy and Histology
Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption
Divisions
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum: Peyer’s patches or lymph nodules
Modifications
Circular folds or plicae circulares, villi, microvilli
Cells of mucosa
Absorptive, goblet, granular, endocrine

6. Small Intestine Secretions
Mucus
Protects against digestive enzymes and stomach acids
Digestive enzymes
Disaccharidases: Break down disaccharides to monosaccharides
Peptidases: Hydrolyze peptide bonds
Nucleases: Break down nucleic acids
Duodenal glands
Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin secretin increases water and bicarbonate secretion from duodenal (Brunner's) glands

7. Duodenum

9. Liver
Lobes
Major: Left and right
Minor: Caudate and quadrate

13. (1) inferior phrenic arteries (scarecrow's eyes)
(2) celiac trunk (nose) - gives rise to the hepatic and splenic arteries (right and left sides of moustache) and left gastric artery (nose bent to left)
(3) superior mesenteric artery (mouth)
(4) renal arteries (scarecrow's arms)
(5) ovarian (or testicular) arteries (scarecrow's breasts)
(6) inferior mesenteric artery (scarecrow's umbilicus)
(7) common iliac arteries (scarecrow's legs)
(8) 4 paired lumbar arteries (scarecrow has a hairy trunk).

15. Blood and Bile Flow

17. the superior part (first part) extends from the pyloric orifice of the stomach to the neck of the gallbladder, is just to the right of the body of vertebra LI, and passes anteriorly to the bile duct, gastroduodenal artery, portal vein, and inferior vena cava-clinically, the beginning of this part of the duodenum is referred to as the ampulla or duodenal cap, and most duodenal ulcers occur in this part of the duodenum;
the descending part (second part) of the duodenum is just to the right of midline and extends from the neck of the gallbladder to the lower border of vertebra LIII-its anterior surface is crossed by the transverse colon, posterior to it is the right kidney, and medial to it is the head of the pancreas-this part of the duodenum contains the major duodenal papilla, which is the common entrance for the bile and pancreatic ducts, and the minor duodenal papilla, which is the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct, and the junction of the foregut and the midgut just below the major duodenal papilla;
the inferior part (third part) of the duodenum is the longest section, crossing the inferior vena cava, the aorta, and the vertebral column (Figs. 4.61B and 4.62)-it is crossed anteriorly by the superior mesenteric artery and vein;
the ascending part (fourth part) of the duodenum passes upward on, or to the left of, the aorta to approximately the upper border of vertebra LII and terminates at the duodenojejunal flexure

18. Pancreas

19. Small Intestine anatomy

20. Large Intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Anal canal
Blind sac, vermiform appendix attached
Colon
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Rectum
Straight muscular tube
Anal canal
Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation

21. The surface projection of the base of the appendix is at the junction of the lateral and middle one-thirds of a line from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (McBurney's point). People with appendicular problems may describe pain near this location

26. (1) inferior phrenic arteries (scarecrow's eyes)
(2) celiac trunk (nose) - gives rise to the hepatic and splenic arteries (right and left sides of moustache) and left gastric artery (nose bent to left)
(3) superior mesenteric artery (mouth)
(4) renal arteries (scarecrow's arms)
(5) ovarian (or testicular) arteries (scarecrow's breasts)
(6) inferior mesenteric artery (scarecrow's umbilicus)
(7) common iliac arteries (scarecrow's legs)
(8) 4 paired lumbar arteries (scarecrow has a hairy trunk).