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Introduction to Human Geography
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Geography
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A. Awakening to Hunger 1/6 of the world is malnourished they have food but not the right balance (women and children) Food issues from poverty, poor food distribution, and male dominance Lots of land does not = lots of food (Bangladesh v. Norway example)
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What is Human Geography
Mcdonalds in South Africa Constant interaction with the whole world Fear it will create a conforming world Study of people and places and how things in society interact Globalization idea that culture traits are not restricted by country boundaries
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What are geographic questions?
Geography is the why of where …why things happen in certain locations Spatial- where things occur in places Spatial distribution- seeing how things are laid out across space and why they have certain patterns
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Medical geography- maps how diseases spread and can learn how to treat them
Cholera pandemic in Europe 1800s cured by geography and maps Pandemic- worldwide disease Epidemic regional disease
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Spatial perspective- seeing how geography varies based on where you are located
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Themes of Geography Location- position of people and things
Absolute location exact longitude & latitude Relative location things positioned around you Location Theory- the explanation on the logic of why things are placed in their location (star bucks all over NYC) Region- An area defined by a shared characteristic (Latin America…Spanish)
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Themes of Geography Place- space distinguished by both human and physical features (Orlando has orange groves and Disney) Movement- How goods and ideas move in and out of an environment
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Landscape Physical landscape- natural landscape
Cultural landscape- imprint a culture is making on the land (buildings, theme parks) Sequent occupance- cultural imprints that last WAY after the culture is gone (Egyptian pyramids)
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Why do geographers use maps?
Cartography- art of making maps Reference maps show location of features (mountains rivers, country boundaries Thematic maps show “stories” like how many people have HIV in Africa
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Mental maps-ideas we carry in our head of how things look
Activity space- area that you travel each day Home school mcdonalds band practice chicfil a home
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Remote sensing- satellite information
GIS- computer that stores “layers” of information that can tell you multiple things at once (a city's population and racial breakdown)
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Scale- how large or small of an area the map covers
Large scale- map covers a small area in great (LARGE) details Small scale- map covers a large area in SMALL details Jumping scale (rescale) when a local issue becomes a global issue (swine flu)
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Regions Formal- area where everyone shares a distinct characteristic (language) Functional- area shares a practical function, all receive the Orlando Sentinel Perceptual- how you think of a region (your stereotype in your head) Wilbur Zelinsky created 12 US perceptual regions based on phone book research of culture traits
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Functional region A fun visualization about the geography of sports fans, specifically where can you get a radio signal for games for the Red Sox or Yankees games.
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Culture Culture trait- single unit within a culture (language) not biologically passed but learned Culture complex- all culture traits combined together to make up a unique culture Culture hearth- source of a civilization
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Cultural diffusion- how ideas spread from one culture to another
Time-distance decay further away a place is the less likely a culture trait will diffuse Cultural barriers prevent diffusion of a trait (no beef in Hindu countries)
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Expansion diffusion- trait remains strong while spreading to other areas
Contagious- all areas near the central area are affected by the idea first (like spreading of a disease) Hierarchical- spreads to only a select few in an area and then slowly to others (Fax machine) Stimulus- idea indirectly promotes local version of the trait (veggie burger)
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Relocation Diffusion- when a person carries the trait to a new area
Acculturation- one less dominant culture adopts the practices and ideas of a more dominant culture Assimilation- one culture becomes dominant over another and they become one
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Geographic concepts Environmental determinism- human behavior is controlled by the physical environment (hurricanes) Possiblism- the environment may limit actions but people can make adjustments (raincoats)
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