1. COMMIES!
“Arise ye pris’ners of starvation Arise ye wretched of the earth For justice thunders condemnation A better world’s in birth! No more tradition’s chains shall bind us Arise, ye slaves, no more in thrall; The earth shall rise on new foundations We have been naught we shall be all.”
--Internationale Communist anthem

2. Commies!

4. Commies in popular culture

5. Russia in the late 1800s Vast, poor country (except the upper class)
85% of 130 million people are poor peasants. Serfs freed only in 1862.
Nation is beginning to industrialize but condition of workers is terrible--average work week: 11 hours/day, 10 hours on Saturday

6. what does Russia in the 1800s sound like?

7. 1905: Prelude to 1917
Russo-Japanese War: 1904-Sept 1905

8. Russo-Japanese War

9. Russo-Japanese War
Russians and Japanese both expanding in the Pacific, conflict resulted in war
Russian Tsar Nicholas believed a quick victorious war with Japan would revitalize Russian nationalism and unite people behind him
Russian navy/army crushed, almost 60,000 men killed.
Significant because 1st time a non-European power had defeated a European power in more than 100 years.

10. January 22 1905-Bloody Sunday
Meanwhile in Russia, conditions were bad
150, ,000 people marched peacefully through the snowy streets of St. Petersburg to petition the Tsar.
Troops at the palace opened fire, killing or wounding over 1,000 people.

11. What is the tone of this petition?
"Oh Sire, we working men and inhabitants of St. Petersburg, our wives, our children and our parents, helpless and aged women and men, have come to You our ruler, in search of justice and protection. We are beggars, we are oppressed and overburdened with work, we are insulted, we are not looked on as human beings but as slaves. The moment has come for us when death would be better than the prolongation of our intolerable sufferings. We are seeking here our last salvation. Do not refuse to help Your people. Destroy the wall between Yourself and Your people."

12. A turning point
Bloody Sunday broke trust between Nicholas and his people
Strikes throughout the country, involving 400,000 workers
Peasants attacked the homes of their landlords
The Grand Duke Sergei, the Tsar's uncle, assassinated in February 1905
Sailors on the battleship Potemkin mutiny in June protesting rotten meat

13. …then the Tsar cracked down
December 1905, Nicholas used troops returning from the R-J war to crush the St. Petersburg Soviet and put down strikers in Moscow. Troops sent to the countryside as well to restore order.
, some reforms but Tsar suppressed radicals

14. 1914: World War 1 starts-Russia mobilized 12 million troops—75% will become casualties-dead, wounded, prisoners/missing

15. Poorly equipped Russians lost many battles, the troops were angry and discouraged

16. Meanwhile the civilians were hungry and riot in St Petersburg in March 1917

17. The Czar gave up throne in March 1917
Provisional government formed under Alexander Kerensky
Kerensky continues the war and attacks the Germans
It’s a disaster and the Russian Army falls apart, retreating 200 miles. There is outright defiance of officers and mutiny

18. Russian army fleeing

19. Meanwhile, V.I. Lenin returned to Russia from exile
Head of the Bolshevik faction—the radicals. Committed communists
Germany lets him into Russia—why?
Strength comes from the Soviets, workers’ councils

20. The Bolsheviks’ slogan—why would this appeal to the Russian People?

21. Bolshevik takeover-Nov. 1917

22. After the November Revolution
Elections for a constituent assembly didn’t give Bolsheviks a plurality
In January, Bolsheviks disrupted the assembly with troops and dissolved opposition councils
Abolished private property, nationalized factories, redistributed land to the peasants.

23. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Big one!)
Russians agreed to an armistice in December 1917
Russians agreed to a very harsh peace treaty in March 1918.
Gave Germany control over millions of square miles of territory from the old Russian Empire
TAKE A LOOK AT THE MAP—What did the Germans gain with this territory?
Treaty was never really implemented because Germany was defeated in November 1918

24. Almost immediately, civil war breaks out-start of the Cold War?
Bolsheviks (Red Army) vs. White Russians
Whites: landlords and land owners, some peasants, supporters of the aristocracy, liberals, non-Russian ethnic groups
Britain, U.S., France, Japan, among others, sent troops to Russia to block Germans and support White Russians

25. Foreign intervention promoted a sense of nationalism that aided the Reds. Lenin used this as a propaganda device.
The intervention of the western nations was based on a fear of communism, wanting to stop German advance, and practical ones (Lenin’s refusal to pay the czar’s debts).

26. Civil War

27. Russian Civil War 1918-1922 Very brutal; millions die
Hunger, disease, death, and chaos
Industrial production declines 80% compared to Farm production barely 1/3 of pre-war levels
Bolsheviks cracked down to survive. Bolsheviks won; foreign forces withdrew

28. THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
The USSR faced serious eco. issues w/ the conclusion of the civil wars
W. nations refused to trade w/ Russia
It proved difficult to switch quickly to a Marxist/communist system
In 1921 Lenin responded with the NEP
It was an attempt to rebuild agri. and industry thru a free market system
The NEP worked and Lenin seemed ready to return to Marxist principles
But his health deteriorated after a 1922 stroke, and he died in 1924
This created a power vacuum and a struggle b/n Trotsky and Stalin

29. Leon Trotsky intellectual, head of the Red Army
favoured the doctrine of World Revolution
the USSR could not survive as the sole communist state
the USSR must therefore seek to export revolution.
as a doctrinaire communist he opposed the NEP

30. Josef Stalin favoured “Socialism in One Country”
the USSR should strengthen itself and lead the comm. world by example
as a pragmatist, he supported the NEP
experienced as a bureaucrat, he became the Party’s General Secretary in 1922: here he appointed many apparatchiks (these allies were crucial to Stalin’s rise)
their power struggle lasted until 1928, when Stalin was able to maneuver into a position of power and defeat his enemies, particularly Trotsky

31. Stalin’s rule saw the emergence of totalitarianism in the USSR
Trotsky was forced into exile and eventually murdered with an ice pick by Stalin’s agents in Mexico City in 1940
Stalin’s rule saw the emergence of totalitarianism in the USSR
Stalin condemned all deviation from “the party line”
His style of leadership was that of an “office dictator” who did not rely on his personality but on his party officials

32. Totalitarianism Comrade Stalin takes over in a “revolution from above”

33. TOTALITARIANISM: State control of all aspects of life and society
What are the main instruments/institutions involved of each of these methods?
Terror (military, secret police)
Indoctrination (schools, family, youth groups)
Propaganda and censorship (media, news outlets)
Religious or ethnic persecution (church, political parties)

34. Propaganda

35. Terror-Purges/NKVD (Secret Police)

36. Stalin’s paranoia wouldn’t rest
Stalin began the Purges in 1934 when his deputy Sergei Kirov was murdered
Stalin cracked down on potential opposition Anyone perceived as a threat was forced to confess in public trials and then executed/shipped to a gulag (labor camp)
Millions disappeared during this time; the party leadership and army officer corps was especially decimated

37. The Gulag System

38. Indoctrination “Thank you, Comrade Stalin, for our happy childhood”

39. Religious or ethnic persecution

40. Soviet path to industrialization
Stalin’s 5-year plans emphasized “heavy industry” to catch to the West
Industrial production boomed , up by 700 percent in the 1930s
Collective farms established in an effort to increase agricultural production

41. Industrialization Stalin Style
Industrial growth was stunning, but it was achieved by diverting consumption from consumer goods
people’s standard of-living declined
the plan focused on large megaprojects such as dams, factories, not consumer goods
living conditions also deteriorated: overcrowding, food and housing shortages
unrealistic production quotas were set, and tremendous sacrifices and ruthless methods were used to reach them
The state took food produced by collective farms to feed industrial workers in

42. Collectivization of Agriculture
Collectivization: grouping or pooling of farms to ensure a maximum production.
All the peasants worked on them while Communist party officials monitored their output.
Collectivization did not appeal to wealthier peasant farmers called, 'Kulaks' who did not want to share their livelihood and wealth with others. Most Kulaks were killed or sent to work camps in Siberia because they began burning their farms in an attempt to rebel against the policy.
By 1932, 62% of all peasants were successfully collectivized.

43. Human costs of this policy: Ukraine Famine 1932-1933

44. Holodomor: “Killing by hunger”
5- 7 million dead.
Economic policy? or
Genocide? (Deliberate targeting of Ukrainians)
Why did the Holodomor occur?
Grain was diverted to feed industrial workers
Grain sold to other countries (exported) so that the Soviet Union can gain cash.

45. Stalin was able to do this, unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t was firmly in place and all opposition had been eliminated/reduced through state terror/propaganda
Stalin combined communism and dictatorship in this time, setting the tone for future communist leaders
By 1941, the USSR was one of the top 3 economic powers in the world (Germany and USA were the others)

46. Russian/Soviet Dead in 20th Century
World War million
Civil War/famine million
Stalin’s purges/ Holodomor million
World War million
TOTAL million

47. Post-Russian Revolution Timeline
Refer to pp and in the textbook. This is due tomorrow 4/18 in class
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russian Civil War
New Economic Policy
Joseph Stalin becomes General Secretary of Communist Party
Death of Lenin
Stalin becomes head of Soviet Union
Leon Trotsky’s exile
Stalin’s 1st five-year plan (1928)
Holodomor (Starvation in the Ukraine)
Great Purge
Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact
Assassination of Trotsky
Include for each event: 1) a description what happened, 2) discussion why the event is significant, 3) what were the long-term effects or consequences

48. Hitler Rise to Power Timeline
Refer to pp in the textbook. This is due Wednesday April 26 in class
Weimar Republic formed
Treaty of Versailles signed
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
Beer Hall Putsch
Hyperinflation in Germany
Hitler sent to jail
Hitler writes Mein Kampf
Great Depression hits Germany
Election of 1932
Hitler Becomes Chancellor of Germany
Include for each event: 1) a description what happened, 2) discussion why the event is significant, 3) what were the long-term effects or consequences