1. CHAPTER 19 KINGDOM: PROTISTS
Everything that is NOT a plant, animal or fungi. (Catch – all kingdom)
All protist’s are eukaryotes
VERY DIVERSE – have many different characteristics
Some reproduce asexually by mitosis while others exchange genetic material during meiosis.

2. Classifying Protists:
Is difficult because they are so diverse:
Some scientists classify protists by their methods of obtaining food.
1. Animal – like protists
2. Plantlike protists
3. Funguslike protists

3. ANIMAL – LIKE PROTISTS:
Protozoans are heterotrophs and usually ingest bacteria, algae, or other protozoans

4. PLANTLIKE PROTISTS:
Plantlike protists make their own food through photosynthesis
Example: Algae

5. Funguslike Protists
Funguslike protists absorb their nutrients from other organisms

6. Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Biologists further classify protozoans by their method of movement.
Ciliophora
Members of the phylum Ciliophora are animal-like protists that have numerous short, hairlike projections on their surface called cilia.
There are over 7000 species of ciliates most live in the water.
Most use cilia for movement and feeding.

7. Protozoans: Paramecia: In phylum Ciliophora (has cilia)
Enclosed by a layer of membrane called a pellicle.

8. Protozoans—Animal-like Protists
Contractile Vacuoles: The contractile vacuoles collect the excess water from the cytoplasm and expel it from the cell. Since most live in the water it is important for the organism to regulate the amount of water that enters into the cell.

9. Undergo Conjugation (like bacteria): sharing of genetic material (increases diversity)

10. Phylum Sarcodina:
Animal-like protists that use pseudopods for feeding and locomotion
The most commonly studied sarcodines are found in the genus Amoeba
Chemical stimuli from smaller organisms can cause the amoeba to form pseudopods from their plasma membrane

11. Phylum Apicomplexa:
Also known as Sporozoans- produce spores at some point in their life cycle
All sporozoans are parasitic
The life cycle of sporozoans has both sexual and asexual stages
Malaria is caused by a protists

12. Malaria:

13. All they need is a net……..
In Africa, more than 3,000 children die each day from malaria.
That is one child every 30 seconds.
Bed nets are one of the most effective means of preventing malaria. Insecticide- treated bed nets provide a protective barrier around families, especially at night when malaria-carrying mosquitoes strike.

14. Phylum Zoomastigina: Are Protozoans that are called Zooflagellates
Many are parasites.
At least three species of zooflagellates from the genus Trypanosoma cause infectious diseases in humans that often are fatal because of limited treatment options.
They cause American Sleeping sickness, West African and East African Sleeping sickness.

15. Algae—Plantlike Protists
Characteristics of Algae
Contain photosynthetic pigments
Primary pigment is (green) chlorophyll
Secondary pigments allow them to absorb light energy in deep water
Red Algae Green Algae

16. Algae:
There are many types of Algae. This makes them hard to classify.
3 criteria that are generally used:
1. The type of chlorophyll and secondary pigments
2. the method of food storage
3. what their cell wall is made of

17. Algae:
The unicellular algae are members of the phylum: Bacillariophyta (called Diatoms).
Diatoms are photosynthetic autotrophs.
Make up the phytoplankton
They reproduce asexually : the two separated halves each create a new half that can fit inside the old one.

18. Phylum Pyrrophyta
Organisms are unicellular are called Dinoflagellates
Have flagella for movement
Some dinoflagellates are photosynthetic autotrophs, and other species are heterotrophs
Algal Blooms: when food is plentiful & conditions are right- Dinoflagellates reproduce in great numbers.
They die off and this creates low oxygen levels in the water and fish suffocate when their gills become clogged with the dinoflagellates.

19. Red Tides Caused by reproductive explosion of Dinoflagellates
Red Tides can be harmful to humans.
Produce nerve toxins that can be taken in by shellfish
If we eat the shellfish we will be exposed to the nerve toxin and could die
Millions of dollars are spent yearly to monitor the red tides.

20. Phylum Euglenoids
Euglenoids (euglena) contain chloroplasts and photosynthesize
Euglenoids also can be heterotrophs
Difficult to classify because they can photosynthesize like plants but do not have a cell wall like animals

21. Algae Chrysophytes- Yellow-green algae and golden-brown algae
Brown Algae species live on rocky coastal areas of the world
Green Algae – live in freshwater

22. Algae Uses:

23. Funguslike Protists Slime molds use spores to reproduce
Feed on decaying organic matter and absorb nutrients through their cell walls. (like fungi)
The cell walls of these protists contain cellulose or celluloselike compounds (like plants)
Divided into 2 Groups:
1. Acellular Slime molds
2. Cellular Slime molds

24. Acellular Slime Molds:
Acellular slime molds are found in the phylum Myxomycota

25. Cellular Slime Molds:
Cellular slime molds are found in the phylum Acrasiomycota

26. Funguslike Protists
Water Molds and Downy Mildew- there are more than 500 species of water

27. Anyone Irish??? The downy mildew infects potato plants.
In the 19th century this cause the potato famine.
1 million Irish starved to death
Many emigrated from Ireland to the United States