1. Biology: Science of Life
Chapter 1
Biology: Science of Life

2. What is Science? A verifiable process – must be testable! Evidenciary
Collaborative
Constantly questioning the known, the unknown, and each other
Looking for, and trying to solve problems

3. Overview
We don’t say true/false in US…we say supported or rejected as being more correct
Per statistics results can never be with 100% confidence….though more support increases confidence level

4. Experimental Design recap
Control/ Control group: comparative group; the usual conditions
Experimental group: tested group; alter one condition to compare to control group
Independent variable: altered factor, manipulated variable
Dependent variable: measured factor, responding varibale, data collected
Constant: unchanged factor(s), controlled variables

5. Analyze and represent data
Why is this data represented by a line graph?
Why not a bar graph or a pie chart? When would you use those?

6. Biology: Science of Life
Study past, present and future life
Interactions
Structures
Functions
Solve biological problems
Agriculture
Disease
Conservation/Remediation

7. What is life? We decide: Respond to Stimuli 1+ cells Use Energy
Organization
Grow/develop
Reproduce
Respond to Stimuli
Use Energy
Homeostasis
Adapt/Genetics
Humans have constructed this definition of life?
What about viruses?
What about evolution?

8. Life Traits I 1+ cells The cell is the basic unit of life
What does basic unit mean?
Organization
Atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->organs->organ systems- >organism (assuming multicellular)
How do we amend this sequence if the organism is unicellular?
Grow/develop
Increase cell size and/or increase cell number
Go through stages of maturity
Homeostasis
Regulate internal conditions Ex: temp, water, blood sugar
Consider an example or analogy to describe the meaning of “basic unit”
Growth and development are different

9. Life Traits II Reproduce Respond to Stimuli Use Energy Adapt/Genetics
Species = group of organisms that can interbreed to produce viable (fertile) offspring
Respond to Stimuli
Able to process and react to internal/external environ.
Use Energy
Get/make food (chemical energy) to fuel metabolism, get energy (ATP) to power processes
Adapt/Genetics
Change in inherited traits over time
Species concept is under scrutiny because it does not always play out – what about hybrids?
What is external stimuli?
What is internal stimuli – think about blood sugar, temp, water balance…
We will talk about ATP a lot…it is the energy currency of the cell
Adaptation does not happen to individuals and time refers to generations

10. Details on Characteristics
Cells:
Unicellular
Multicellular
1st life forms
Evolved later
1 cell
More than one cell
All bacteria, all protists (euglena, ameboa, paramecium), some fungi
All animals, all plants, some fungi
GROW by cell enlargement only
GROW by cell enlargement and cell division
REPRODUCE by cell division (asexual reproduction)
REPRODUCE mainly by making specialized cells that combine sexually

11. Details on Characteristics II
REPRODUCTION:
Asexual
Sexual
Evolved first
Evolved later
Unicellular organisms divide to make more identical unicellulars
Multicellular organisms use meiosis to make sperm/egg
One “parent” – contributes 100% of genetic info
Two “parents” – each contribute 50% of genetic info
Make a clone – no genetic variation between generations
Genetically different offspring – more variation in population – GOOD for survivability/evolution

12. More on Reproduction…
Bacteria (unicellular, asexual) can exchange genetic info between individuals to increase genetic variation
Called “conjugation”
Remember: genetic
variability is a good thing for
evolutionary survival!!

13. Details on Characteristics III
Adaptation/Response
Adaptation (evolution)
Response (to stimuli)
Long-term
Short-term
Population response to changing environmental conditions
Immediate feedback to stimuli
More genetic variability in the population = the better able the population can adapt
EX: adaption as a result of changing climate – thicker fur
EX: response to changing temperatures – burrow, put on a coat

14. Details on Characteristics III
Energy use
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
BOTH versions of organisms convert “food” energy into ATP energy to power their cellular processes!!
All plants, some bacteria, some protists
All animals, All fungi, some bacteria, some protists (NOTE: some plants can do this too! “carnivorous plants –VFT!)
AKA “producers”
AKA “consumers”
Make own food
Eat other organisms or the products of other organisms
Two versions:
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis

15. More on Autotrophy… There are two general processes: Photosynthesis
use sun as energy needed to make food
Chemosynthesis
use chemicals as energy
Hydrothermal deep sea vents

16. Life vs. Viruses Viruses:
Bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals are living; viruses are NOT
living things have ALL characteristics of life, viruses do not exhibit all
NOTE: anything you need a microscope to see is called a “microbe”, anything that causes disease is called a “pathogen”.
MOST bacteria do not cause human illness!!
Viruses:
are acellular
do not (generally) reproduce themselves
do not use energy/ have a metabolism

17. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.1 Formative Questions
What is the process of change that takes place during the life of an organism?
adaptation
development
growth
maturation A B C D
FQ 2

18. adapting to the environment displaying organization
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.1 Formative Questions
Some species of plants begin opening their flowers in the morning when they are exposed to sunlight. What characteristic of living things does this represent?
acquiring energy
adapting to the environment
displaying organization
responding to stimuli A B C D
FQ 3

19. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.1 Formative Questions
What process regulates an organism’s internal conditions and keeps them stable?
adaptation
equilibrium
homeostasis
metabolism A B C D
FQ 4

20. What is a theory? 1.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.2 Formative Questions
What is a theory?
a body of knowledge about a natural phenomenon
a creative tool for designing investigations
a scientific inquiry that seeks to provide an explanation
an explanation supported by observations and experiments A B C D
FQ 5

21. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.2 Formative Questions
Scientists discard observations and data that are not consistent with current scientific understanding. B A
true
false
FQ 6

22. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.2 Formative Questions
A scientist wants to report the findings from her investigations. Before her information can be published, what must it go through?
forensics
peer review
scientific methods
the metric system A B C D
FQ 7

23. Scientific Theory Explains natural phenomenon
Supported by observations/experiments
Always same results
Not a hypothesis
Can be modified or discarded by NEW info
Ex. Gravity, cells, tectonic plates
Hypothesis: This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation.
Theory: A theory is what one or more hypotheses become once they have been verified and accepted to be true. A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. A theory is not a guess, hunch, hypothesis, or speculation
A theory is built upon one or more hypotheses, and upon evidence. The word "built" is essential, for a theory contains reasoning and logical connections based on the hypotheses and evidence
In a strict sense, no theory is ever proven in any field, with the possible exception of pure mathematics, since new data might come along that require a change, and there are always details that haven't been tested.
The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law describes a single action, whereas a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena.

24. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.3 Formative Questions
When you form a logical conclusion based on your observations and what you already know, what are you making?
a conjecture
an inference
a speculation
a theory A B C D
FQ 9

25. a testable explanation
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.3 Formative Questions
What is a hypothesis?
a defined question
a curious assumption
a tested inference
a testable explanation A B C D
FQ 10

26. What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
1.3 Formative Questions
What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery?
accidental
anticipated
ingenious
whimsical A B C D
FQ 11

27. Why is the metric system preferred by scientists?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Why is the metric system preferred by
scientists?
Answer: Using the same system of
measurements allows a scientist
to repeat another’s work knowing
that he or she is performing the
experiments exactly the same.

28. What is a testable explanation?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is a testable explanation?
observation
hypothesis
experiment
constant A B C D
CDQ 2

29. Which is not a characteristic of all organisms?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is not a characteristic of all organisms?
made of one or more cells
grows and develops
capable of rational thought
maintains homeostasis A B C D
CDQ 3

30. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
Identify the term used to describe an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by observation and experimentation.
forensics
natural law
theory
physics A B C D
CAQ 1

31. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
In a controlled experiment, which factor is changed by the experimenter?
control group
experimental group
dependent variable
independent variable A B C D
CAQ 2

32. Look at the figure below. Why is scientific
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
Look at the figure below. Why is scientific
data often displayed in graphs?
CAQ 3

33. Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the data and make it easier to
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Chapter Assessment Questions
Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the
data and make it easier to
understand.
CAQ 4

34. Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which is the dependent variable in this experiment?
number
of days
mass B A
STP 5

35. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which biological science was Jane Goodall studying when she observed chimpanzees?
ecology
genetics
animal behavior
biotechnology A B C D
STP 1

36. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
In which activity would an environmental biologist most likely be involved?
genetically engineering plants
finding ways to protect species
preventing the spread of disease
developing new medicines and vaccines A B C D
STP 2

37. Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience?
Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience?
It brings up more questions.
It causes disagreement and debate.
It does not welcome scientific investigation.
It does not receive acceptance by scientists. A B C D
STP 3

38. Chapter 1
The Study of Life
Standardized Test Practice
Scientists use laboratory rats to test the effects of a new drug, Razatrin. What do rats in the control group receive?
food containing Razatrin
food without Razatrin
food containing another drug
food containing a variety of drugs
No food A B C D
STP 4