1. The
Industrial
Revolution

2. Why Did
Industrialisation
Begin in
England First?

3. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

4. The Enclosure Movement

5. “Enclosed” Lands Today

6. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

7. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

8. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal.
More powerful than wood is iron.
Innovations make steel feasible.
“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
“Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.
Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

9. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

10. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

11. Young Coal Miners

12. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”

13. British Pig Iron Production

14. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”

15. Factory Production
Concentrates production in one place [materials, labour].
Located near sources of power [rather than labour or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labour.
Only 10% of English industry in

16. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

17. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

18. Textile Factory Workers in England

19. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

20. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

21. Jacquard’s Loom

22. Industrial Revolution
New Inventions
of the
Industrial Revolution

23. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

24. The Power Loom

25. James Watt’s Steam Engine

26. Steam Tractor

27. Steam Ship

28. An Early Steam Locomotive

29. Later Locomotives

30. The Impact of the Railroad

31. “The Great Land Serpent”

32. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

33. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

34. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

35. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

36. Industrial Revolution
The "Haves":
Bourgeois Life
Thrived on the
Luxuries of the
Industrial Revolution

37. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

38. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

39. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

40. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

41. The "Have-Nots":
The Poor,
The Over-Worked,
& the Destitute

42. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

43. Industrial Staffordshire

44. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman

45. The New Industrial City

46. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

47. Worker Housing in Manchester

48. Factory Workers at Home

49. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

50. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

51. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

52. Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

53. Protests / Reformers

54. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

55. The Luddite Triangle

56. The Luddites

57. The Neo-Luddites Today

58. Peterloo Massacre, 1819
British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!

59. The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

60. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

61. The Chartists A female Chartist
A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.

62. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.
Promote international peace through trade contact.

63. New Ways of
Thinking

64. Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famine could control population.
The poor should have less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.

65. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high, workers have more children.
More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

66. The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

67. Jeremy Bentham

68. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

69. Br. Govt. Response
to the Dislocation
Created by
Industrialization

70. Government Response
Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
Sadler Commission to look into working conditions
Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief.
Poor houses.
Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

71. British Reform Bill of 1832

72. British Reform Bills

73. The Results of
Industrialization
at the end of the 19c

74. By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent
Northeast France.
Belgium.
The Netherlands.
Western German states.
Northern Italy
East Germany  Saxony

75. Industrialization By 1850

76. Railroads on the Continent

77. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

78. The Politics of Industrialization
State ownership of some industries.
RRs  Belgium & most of Germany.
Tariffs  British Corn Laws.
National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes.
Bank of England.
Bank of France.
Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
New legislation to:
Establish limited liability.
Create rules for the formation of corporations.
Postal system.
Free trade zones  Ger. Zollverein

79. Bibliographic Sources
“Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College.
“The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”