1. European Explorations
The Age of Early
European Explorations
& Conquests

2. Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca
A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

3. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

4. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

5. God!
Gold!
Glory!

6. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

7. New Weapons Technology

8. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

9. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

10. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calcutta- China’s favorite port.

11. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

12. Columbus’ Four Voyages

13. Other Voyages of Exploration

14. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

15. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

16. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

17. Spain
Aztecs
Friends with Aztecs when he arrived, they eventually rebel
Burned his ships upon arriving in Mexico
Ordered Tenochtitlan to be destroyed
Said he and his comrades had a “disease of the heart that only gold can cure”
Beloved ruler
Tried to convince his people to make peace with the Spanish
Some say he’s stoned to death by Aztecs while making this speech-others that he was strangled…bottom line: he died and then Cortes took over.

18. Aztecs Surrender to Cortez

19. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

20. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

21. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

22. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

23. Treasures from the Americas!

24. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

25. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

26. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

27. European Empires in the Americas

28. New Colonial Rivals

29. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

30. 5. New Patterns of World Trade