1. Adapted by Mr. Reakes for 7th grade Annawan students
Independence
Chapter 12
Section 4
PPt initially created by: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Adapted by Mr. Reakes for 7th grade Annawan students

2. European Empires: 1660s

3. Latin American Revolutions!

4. Latin American Independence
All began in 1791 when a group of slaves in Saint-Domingue rebelled against their white masters and burned everything in sight
Leader of the rebellion was Toussaint L Ouverture
Took 10 years but finally found independence in the island of Haiti and founded it as an independent island in 1804

5. Toussaint L’Ouveture Leads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)

6. The Seeds of Revolution
What happened in Haiti inspired others to do the same and by 1825 most of the region was free of European control
Another inspiration for people of Latin America were the American and French Revolutions in the 1770’s & 1780’s
People were ready to be free themselves to make their own choices without being bossed around by European control

7. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789
Declaration of Independence, 1776

8. Creole Discontent
Creole’s, criollo’s, were watching both revolutions very closely
They were very well educated, but often had little power because of who they were
Only people of pure Spanish blood could hold office in Spain’s colonies
Creole’s wanted independence from Spain & power to rule themselves

9. Independence in Mexico
The fight for independence in Mexico began in 1810
A creole priest named Miguel Hidalgo led the charge
When the Spanish learned of what he was up to, Hidalgo rang the church bells of Dolores and rallied the people to take up arms and fight for what was theirs
80,000 fighters, mostly mestizo & Native American, rose up to fight
This effort failed and Hidalgo was captured and killed by firing squad in July of 1811, but the war was not over
The rebels kept fighting and their luck changed when a high ranking officer of Spain, Agustín de Iturbide, joined their effort
Many people who had not trusted Hidalgo did trust Iturbide and they aided with the fight for independence, which was won in 1821

10. Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
Met Prince Ferdinand who was heir to the Spanish throne
Knocked the prince’s hat off in a game of badminton and refused to apologize

11. South American Independence
Bolívar and Ferdinand later would compete over the colonies of Spanish America
Bolívar won independence for Venezuela in 1807
He then went on to inspire the freedom of the people of Columbia, Ecuador & Panama by 1822

12. Bolivar’s Accomplishment

13. San Martín Fights for Freedom
José de San Martín was born in Argentina and went to Spain to serve in the army, but when fighting began in Argentina he led his people to freedom
He led them through the Andes in Chile and took the Spanish by surprise freeing Chile and them Peru
He surprised the Spanish again, this time by sea, in July 1821 and seized Lima, Peru
The following year Martín met Bolivar and discussed independence
After this meeting San Martín gave up his command and Bolivar continued the fight in Latin America until everything was free of Spanish rule except for Puerto Rico & Cuba

14. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

15. The “Muscle” of the Revolution
Bolivar coming from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

16. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

17. Bolivar’s Failure
After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

18. Latin American States After the Revolutions

19. Brazil Freed from Portugal
Brazil became independent without a war of fighting
The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne and declared Brazil independent in 1822
Portugal admitted Brazil was independent in 1825

20. Independence Brings Challenges
The wars disrupted trade
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside
Simόn Bolívar’s dream of uniting all of South America into something like the United States never happens because the people were not interested in this
After Bolívar is gone many countries are left with caudillos in charge who only cared about themselves and not the people, like Bolívar had

21. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos
WHO WERE THEY?:
Mid-19c dictators  military authoritarianism.
Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats.
Immediately followed the fight for independence.
Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people.

22. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos
WHO WERE THEY REALLY?:
Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights.
Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].
Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

23. What is the Message?