1. Maps and Regions Review

2. Cartography Remote sensing GPS GIS Thematic layers
Captures images of Earth’s surface from airplanes or satellites
GPS
Global Positioning System- integrated network of satellites the orbit Earth constantly and broadcasts location information
GIS
Geographic Information Systems- software program that allows geographers to map, analyze, and model spatial data using thematic layers
Thematic layers
Layers of the Earth’s surface

3. Types of Maps: Reference Maps
Show locations of places and geographic features
Absolute locations
Thematic Maps
Tell a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution, or its movement.
Relative locations

4. Reference Map

5. Thematic
Map
What story about median income in the Washington, DC area is this map telling?

6. Cartograms
Skewing a map to show a more realistic view of what happened
Ex: 2012 Presidential Election

7. Cartogram of world population

8. Types of Maps:
Topographic- path of each isoline (countour line) indicates a constant elevation. The closer together the lines, the higher the elevation.
Choropleth- use colors or tonal shading to represent categories of data for given geographic areas.
Using five colors to show five income levels

9. Types of Maps
Cognitive- formed by people’s perceived information about their surroundings and then create a mental image
Very informative for how people interpret and understand places in which they live.
Aka mental maps
Preference- type of cognitive map that show people’s ideas about the environmental, social, or economic quality of life in various places
Both influenced by your sense of place

10. Why are we changing maps?!
Projections
Mercator- landmasses become amplified and larger closer to the poles
Fuller- maintains accurate size and shape of landmasses but rearranges direction
Robinson- attempts to balance projection errors and is aesthetically pleasing.
Frequently used by cartographers
Peters- equal-area projection centered on Africa
Azimuthal- north or south pole is in the center of the map, giving the impression that you’re looking down on the Earth

11. Map Projections
Fuller
Mercator- most used but not very accurate

12. Map Projections
Robinson
Peters- more accurate

13. Azimuthal

14. Scale
Ratio between the distance on a map and the actual distance on Earth’s surface
Standard = 1:24,000
Small scale = 1:100,000
Large scale = 1:5,000

15. Regions
World
USA

16. defined by a commonality, typically a cultural linkage or a physical characteristic.
e.g. Location, Climate, Religion, Language…
Formal Regions

17. Functional Regions
defined by a set of social, political, or economic activities or the interactions that occur within it.
e.g. an urban area

18. Perceptual Regions
ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness.”
e.g. the South
the Mid-Atlantic
the Middle East

19. Midwest
North
Northeast
West
South
Southwest

20. Maps & Geography Skills!
Yes, you need to have map and geo skills

21. Describing location Equator Prime Meridian Latitude Longitude
0*- runs west to east & separate Earth north and south
Prime Meridian
0*- runs north to south & separates Earth west and east
Latitude
Aka parallels- runs parallel to & measures distance north and south of equator
Longitude
Aka meridians- runs parallel to & measures distance west and east of Prime Meridian

22. Describing location Site Situation Absolute distance Relative distance
Physical and cultural features, independent of its relationship to other places around it
San Francisco is about 37* N lat. And 123* W long. on a peninsula separating San Fran Bay from the Pacific Ocean
Situation
Aka relative location- describing the location based on the relationship to other places
San Francisco is an economic hub in northern California near the Pacific Ocean
Absolute distance
Measurement of linear space
Bangor, Maine is 130 miles northeast of Portland, Maine
Relative distance
Includes the local, cultural, political, or economic connectivity

23. The World Systems Theory
World is broken down into three categories of countries- developed by Immanuel Wallerstein
Idea that the world is broken down economically where some countries benefit where others are exploited
Core (MDC) (Developed)
Wealthy, powerful
Semi-Periphery (LDC) (Developing)
Has a little bit of both core and periphery in the country
Periphery (LDC) (Developing)
Poor, struggling

25. Core countries MDC, Developed Dominant capitalist countries
Wealthy
Citizens are doing well
Strong military power
Do not depend on one single state or country
Uses power to exploit poorer countries
Labor
Raw materials

26. Label the core countries on your map

27. Periphery countries LDC, Developing Lack a strong, central government
Controlled by other countries
Dependent on core countries for capital
Low skill, labor-intensive production
Aka- third-world countries

28. Label the periphery countries on your map

29. Semi-periphery countries
LDC, Developing
Have qualities of core and periphery in the country
Trying to get out of periphery
Declining from core
Sometimes exploited by the core
Sometimes exploit periphery

30. Label the semi-periphery countries on your map