1. AP Human Geography
Maps

2. Map Projections
The representation of the spherical earth, or part of it, on a flat surface
To do this requires a frame of reference for converting a round to a flat surface…

3. Grid Lines Give exact distance and directions
Lines of Latitude (parallels)
Horizontal
10 degree intervals
North and South
0 degrees Latitude = Equator
Lines of Longitude (meridians)
Vertical
15 degree intervals
Converge at the poles
East and West of Greenwich, England (Prime Meridian)
Decided in 1884, France abstained using Paris

4. Common Map projections
Different map projections are used for different purposes so the projection choice when planning a map to be made is important
Mercator’s Projection
Perfect directional utility
Less accurate land mass size moving N. or S. from Equator because meridians can’t converge
For centuries and up to modern times, used for navigation at sea
Robinson Projection
Official Nat. Geo
More accurate land mass size
Less accurate directional utility

5. More Projections Cylindrical Projection Conic Projection
Planar Projection

6. Major Circles of Latitude
Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle

7. Map Symbols Represented in a key
Range from different sizes, shapes, and colors of dots and lines, as well as patterns and colors
Compass Rose shows direction on map

8. Map Scale
Ratio or fraction showing difference between distance on map to distance on ground
Ex. On a 1:10,000 (or 1/10,000) scale map, 1 inch on the map = 10,000 inches on the ground
The Metric system is easier for conversion rates
Most maps use a scale in Graphic Form instead of ratios or fractions (1 inch = 5 miles, etc.)

9. Map Scale Cont.
When the area represented by the map is smaller, the problems of distortion are lessened
Maps representing small areas in detail are referred to as large-scale maps
Maps representing large areas, but with less local detail are referred to as small-scale maps

10. Different Types of Maps
Climate Maps
give general information about the climate of a region. Cartographers, use colors to show different climate zones.
Economic or Resource Maps
feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominates an area. Cartographers use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or economic activities
Physical Maps
illustrate the physical features of an area, such as the mountains, rivers and lakes. The water is usually shown in blue. Colors are used to show relief—differences in land elevations

11. More Types of Maps Political Maps Road Maps
do not show physical features. Instead, they indicate state and national boundaries and capital and major cities. A capital city is usually marked with a star within a circle
Road Maps
show highways and roads, airports, cities and other points of interest in an area
Contour or Topographic Maps
Use isolines (iso meaning the same) to show the shape and elevation of an area. The closer the lines the steeper the terrain

12. Pages 14 – 19
Maps

13. Cartography The science and art of map making
Create maps for multiple purposes
Reference Maps – show locations and geographic positions
Thematic Maps – tell stories, usually depicting the degree of an attribute or the movement of a geographical phenomenon
"can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent"
All maps however generalize, whether its features or phenomenon being represented

14. Cartography Oldest field of geography Babylonian map, 6th century BCE
City map from 1300’s

15. Location
Absolute Location – the precise position of something on Earth
Distance and Direction
lines of latitude and longitude
Geocaching
Never change
Relative Location – describes a place in relation to other physical or human characteristics
Do change over time

16. GPS (Global Positioning System)
Utilizes satellites
Remote Sensing , a method of collecting data using instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study, data is frequently used for this

17. Mental Maps Maps in our heads May have been there or just studied it
Accuracy depends on the frequency of visits to a place
Activity Spaces, places visited routinely in our daily lives, have more accurate mental maps
How might these differ with age or socioeconomic status?

18. Mental Maps Early Humans had incredibly accurate mental maps
Think of a place and how to get to it or get around in it
Share
Are there differences between the men and women?
According to research
Women tend to use landmarks
Men tend to use paths

19. GIS (Geographic Information System)
Combines layers of spatial data in a computerized environment
Patterns and processes are superimposed upon each other
Remote Sensing, a method of collecting data using instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study, data is frequently used for this

20. Uses of GIS Tracking weather Transportation improvements
Tracking disease
Urban planning
Fish and Wildlife Management