1. STRATEGISTS
INTRODUCED (ALIEN OR INVADER)
ENDANGERED
EXTINCT
NATIVE
INDICATOR
KEYSTONE
ENDEMIC
SPECIALIST & GENERALIST

2. The cost of reproduction increase reproduction may decrease survival
age at first reproduction
investment per offspring
number of reproductive cycles per lifetime
Natural selection favors a life history that maximizes lifetime reproductive success
AP Biology

3. Reproduce multiple times Reproduce usually once
K-strategists
R-strategists
Few offspring
Many offspring
Long life span
Short life span
Care for young
Do not nurture young
Late to reproduce
Quick to reproduce
Reproduce multiple times
Reproduce usually once
Coconut trees, primates
Dandelions, most insects

4. Number & size of offspring vs. Survival of offspring or parent
r-selected
K-selected
“Of course, long before you mature, most of you will be eaten.”
AP Biology

5. INTRODUCED SPECIES NOT NORMALLY FOUND IN A GIVEN ECOSYSTEM
MAY BE INTRODUCED ACCIDENTALLY. EXAMPLE: ZEBRA MUSSEL LARVAE IN SHIPS BILGE. BILGES WERE CLEANED IN THE GREAT LAKES. ZEBRA MUSSELS NOW THRIVE IN GREAT LAKES.
INTRODUCED INTENTIONALLY. EXAMPLE: SALT CEDAR INTRODUCED FOR EROSION CONTROL AND IS NOW INVASIVE

6. Salt cedar in Texas drain water resources
Zebra mussels wash ashore off Lake Erie

7. reduces diversity
loss of food & nesting sites for animals
economic damage

8. Red Cedar invasive in Oklahoma
To destroy red cedars, they must be cut, then burned.

9. GMO’s & MONOCULTURES
IN AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE, THESE PLANT SPECIES USUALLY REQUIRE MORE FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES, WHICH CAN LEAD TO RUN-OFF INTO SOIL AND WATERWAYS.

10. Endangered species – so few that they will likely become extinct
limitations to range / habitat
Change in environment (natural & man made)
Introduced species
Hunting
Socorro
isopod
Devil’s hole
pupfish
Iriomote cat
Northern white rhinoceros
New Guinea
tree
kangaroo
Iiwi
Hawaiian
bird
Catalina
Island
mahogany

12. Extinct Animals

13. DoDo Bird (endemic to island of Mauritius)
Extinct since mid to late 17th century
Lived on one tiny island
Flightless
Introduced species (dogs & pigs)
Extinct since mid to late 17th century.

14. CO-EVOLUTION AND CO-EXTINCTION
With the extinction of the dodo came the end of the Calvaria tree because it relied on the dodo to spread its seeds. When the dodo ate the fruit from the tree, it couldn't digest it and would poop it out. This is how the seeds were spread. No dodo droppings - no Calvaria tree.

15. Once most common bird in North America
Flocks with more than a billion birds took several days to pass by
Last one died in a zoo
Hunted to extinction
In 1857, a bill was brought forth to the Ohio State Legislature seeking protection for the passenger pigeon. A Select Committee of the Senate filed a report stating "The passenger pigeon needs no protection. Wonderfully prolific, having the vast forests of the North as its breeding grounds, traveling hundreds of miles in search of food, it is here today and elsewhere tomorrow, and no ordinary destruction can lessen them, or be missed from the myriads that are yearly produced"

16. Change in environment thought to have caused extinctions

17. INDICATOR SPECIES - Organisms whose presence or absence is indicative of the health of an ecosystem as a whole.

18. Leopard frogs once found throughout wetlands in the U.S.
Selaginella Moss in Alaskan rain forest

19. Keystone species- a species that plays a role in its community that is far more important than its relative abundance might suggest.
Keystone Species

20. SEA OTTERS

21. endemic species Organisms found only in a specific area
May be pathogens (maleria is endemic to tropics)

24. CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES BY NICHE
SPECIALISTS: ONLY OCCUPY FEW NICHES. HAVE NARROW TOLERANCE FOR CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT AND/OR FOOD. LESS COMPETITION. PRONE TO EXTINCTION WITH EVEN SMALL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. EXAMPLE: KOALA
GENERALISTS: OCCUPY BROAD RANGE OF NICHES. BROADER TOLERANCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. MORE COMPETITION. BETTER ADAPTORS. EXAMPLE: CRABS

25. SPECIALISTS
Koalas eat only eucalyptus leaves which are low in protein, hard to digest and have compounds that are toxic to most species.

26. Crabs compete with birds, fish & other crustaceans
GENERALISTS
CRABS WILL EAT snails, mussels, clams, other crabs, isopods, barnacles, algae & more. CRABS CAN LIVE in estuaries, the rocky intertidal region and sandy beach areas.
Crabs compete with birds, fish & other crustaceans