1. Chapter 3
Cells

2. Objectives Identify the structure of a typical cell
Define the function of each component of a typical cell
Relate the function of cells to the function of the body
Describe the processes that transport materials in and
out of a cell
Describe a tumor and define cancer
Define the key words that relate to this chapter

3. Cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
Cell or plasma membrane

4. Nucleus Most important organelle within the cell Function
Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division
DNA and chromatin
Chromosomes
Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell
Nucleoplasm
A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli

5. Cell Organelles Nucleolus Ribosomes Cytoplasm Centrosome
Serves at site for protein synthesis
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the background for all chemical reactions that take
place in a cell, such as protein synthesis and cellular respiration
Embedded in the cytoplasm are organelles, or cell structures that
help a cell to function
Centrosome
Centrioles found in the centrosome function in cell reproduction by aiding
in the equal distribution of chromosomes to the new daughter cells

6. Cell Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Golgi apparatus
Provides passage through which transport of substances occurs in cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Serves as sites of cellular respiration and energy production; stores ATP
Golgi apparatus
Manufactures carbohydrates and
packages secretions for discharge
from the cell
Lysosomes
Serve as center for cellular
digestion

7. Cell Organelles Pinocytic vesicles Cilia and flagella Perioxisomes
Enzymes oxidize cell substances
Cytoskeleton
Forms internal framework
Pinocytic vesicles
Method by which large molecules can enter the cell
Cilia and flagella
Create movement

8. Cellular Metabolism Chemical reactions occur within the cells
Energy supplied by ATP
ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats we eat

9. Cell Division Meiosis Mitosis Involves reproduction
Involves growth and maintenance of cells

10. Meiosis Process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete
Ovum and spermatozoa reduce chromosomes from 46 to 23
Fertilization
Zygote is formed from two sex cells to obtain full set of 46 chromosomes

11. Mitosis
Cell division
Division of the nucleus
Division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis essentially is an orderly series of steps
by which the DNA in the nucleus of the cell is
equally distributed to two daughter, or identical
nuclei
All cells do not reproduce at the same rate

12. Mitosis Stages Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV Phase V
Interphase (resting stage)
Phase II
Prophase
Phase III
Metaphase
Phase IV
Anaphase
Phase V
Telophase
Cycle back to interphase

13. Cell Death
Necrosis
Apoptosis

14. Stem Cells Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells
Umbilical cord blood stem cells

15. Protein Synthesis Cells produce proteins DNA RNA
Determines the kinds of proteins that are produced
RNA
Carries instruction for protein synthesis form the DNA to
the ribosome in the cytoplasm
Transports amino acid molecule in the cytoplasm and takes
it to the ribosome where they combine to form a specific
protein

16. Movement of Materials Across Cell Membranes
Passive transport
Do not require an energy source
Active transport
Require an energy source

17. Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis Filtration
A physical process whereby molecules of gases, liquids or solid
particles spread or scatter themselves evenly through a medium
Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water or any other solvent molecule
through a selective permeable membrane from a region of
higher concentration of water molecules to a region of lower
concentration of water molecules
Filtration
Filtration is the movement of solutes and water across a
semipermeable membrane as a result of some mechanical
force such as blood pressure or gravity

18. Active Transport Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Cell eating
Cell membrane engulfs a particle to form a vesicle in the
cytoplasm where digestive enzymes destroy the entrapped
substance
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Formation of pinocytic vesicles which engulf large
molecules in solution then ingest the nutrients for its
own use

19. Specialization Nerve cells Red blood cells
Specialize in response
Red blood cells
Specialize in oxygen transport
May lose some functions, such as reproduction
Interdependence among cells

20. Aging Aging is a phase of normal development
Older person may have 30% fewer cells
Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks

21. Disorders of Cell Structure
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplasia

22. Tumor When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern
Also called neoplasms
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors