1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS All living things are made of organic compounds.
Contain the element Carbon
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

2. CARBOHYDRATES Monomer- monosaccharide
Function- energy source and structure
Tests: glucose-Benedict’s
starch- Iodine
fructose
Ex. Cellulose, glycogen, starch

3. LIPIDS C, H, O Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Function- energy storage and insulation
Tests: brown paper test
Examples: fats and steroids
Lipid vs. water

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS C, H, O, N, P Monomer- nucleotide
Function- carry genetic information
Ex. DNA and RNA

5. PROTEINS C, H, O, N, S Monomer- amino acids
Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, and regulation
Tests- Biurets
Examples: enzymes,
hemoglobin

6. ENZYMES Catalysts in living things – lower activation energy
Specific to a particular substrate.
Made of protein
Reusable
Affected by temperature and pH

7. CELLS Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Simple, no membrane bound organelles
Bacteria only
One circular chromosome
Includes: chromosome, ribosomes, and plasma membrane
Eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles
Plants and Animals
True nucleus containing chromosomes

8. NUCLEUS
“Control Center”
Contains chromosomes

9. NUCLEOLUS Non-membrane structure located in nucleus
Where ribosomes are produced!

10. MITOCHONDRIA Singular: Mitochondrion
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Produces energy in the form of ATP
Site of Aerobic respiration

11. CHLOROPLAST Site of photosynthesis Plant cells ONLY
Contains the pigment chlorophyll

12. VACUOLE Storage of excess materials
Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

13. RIBOSOMES Proteins are synthesized
Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

14. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Membrane system that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and extends through cytoplasm.
Aids protein synthesis and transport of materials  
Two types of ER’s: Smooth & Rough

15. GOLGI APPARATUS
Flattened sacs that contain enzymes for modification of proteins produced in rough ER.
Packages proteins inside transport vesicles and sends them to their destination.

16. LYSOSOME
Vesicle containing digestive enzymes that break down and recycle organic compounds.
Stomach of the cell.
RARELY found in plant cells.

17. PLASMA MEMBRANE aka: Cell Membrane
Surrounds the cell
Regulates what enters/leaves the cell
Helps maintain homeostasis
Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins

18. CELL WALL Plant cells ONLY
Surrounds cell and provides support and protection.
Made of cellulose

19. EUKARYOTES
Plant
Animal
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Large central vacuole

20. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes
Early prokaryotes engulfed other prokaryotes and developed symbiotic relationships
Evidence includes mitochondria and chloroplast have prokaryotic type DNA

21. CELL ORGANIZATION
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Individual organism

22. CELL SPECIALIZATION cells develop to perform different functions
Regulated by genes

23. CELL TO CELL COMMUNICATION
Chemical Signals (hormones) can be sent from one cell to another
Receptor proteins on the plasma membrane receive the signal

24. CELL TO CELL COMMUNICATION
Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment, even when faced with external changes.
Examples include the regulation of temperature and the balance between acidity and alkalinity (pH).

25. DIFFUSION
Form of passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane
Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration

26. OSMOSIS
Diffusion of water (also passive transport)

27. SOLUTION TYPES

28. FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Use of transport molecules to diffuse particles.

29. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)
Low concentration to high concentration

30. SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

31. ENDOCYTOSIS

32. EXOCYTOSIS

33. CELL TRANSPORTATION

34. TO DO
Complete page one for tomorrow.