1. LO: To revise the nature of government
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*

2. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Task: Once you have written
Your title and date…
Fact Test!
You have 10 minutes
Only.

3. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
What skills are we looking for in the 25 markers?

4. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
So what has been asked before?
Key themes that recur
Events that were turning
points in the development of
government
Influences of factors such
As war and revolution upon
Development of government.
Changes in the Nature of
Government over time.

5. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Autocracy
Tsars ordained by God, Expects submission of people, Tsar a paternalist.
Role of Russian Orthodox Church, Pobedonostsev anti liberal government.
NI “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality” Fundamental Laws 1832
AII supports Autocracy but “abolish serfdom from above”, Emancipation,
Zemstva, education, relaxed censorship.
AIII blamed liberalism for his father’s death. Russification, Statute for State Security, Pogroms, Executions, Land Captains
NII reintroduced Fundamental Laws in October Manifesto, Dumas, Personal Command WW1
Autocracy, Dictatorship and Totalitarianism
Dictatorship
Lenin “What is to be done”. Dictatorship of the Proletariat.
Advocated Central Committee leading revolution (Marxist-Leninism).
Civil War – War Communism – NEP. Lenin adjusted ideology to avoid opposition.
Socialism in In One Country v Permanent Revolution
Totalitarianism
Dictatorial government that controlled every aspect of citizens lives.
Stalinism, Command Economy, Five Year Plans, Collectivisation, Cult of Personality,
Terror
Khrushchev; Collective Leadership, de-Stalinisation, secret speech.

6. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Change and Continuity in Central Administration
Tsarism
Autocratic – officials and organs of government answer to Tsar. Hierarchical.
Aspects of government, Council of Ministers, Imperial Council, Committee of
Ministers
Introduction of Dumas in 1905, the Mir and Zemstva.
Judiciary fairly liberal but some controls eg Land Captains
Provisional Government
Democratic rather than Autocratic, replaced Tsarism but unelected.
Hierarchical but shared power with Petrograd Soviet “Dual Authority”
Two main organs of Government, Petrograd Soviet and Provisional Government.
Many reforms offered giving freedom to people.
Liberal judiciary, political prisoners freed.
Communism
Autocratic and Dictatorial, all government answerable to the Leader.
Hierarchical, Democratic Centralism, 1918 and 1924 Constitutions.
Many organs, All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Central Executive Committee
(Politburo, Orgburo, Ogburo), Council of People’s Commissars (SOVNARKOM)
Supreme Soviet for Nationalities meant to be democratic.
Local government run by party. Judiciary led by “Revolutionary Justice”.

7. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Methods of Repression and enforcement
All leaders made use of Secret Police, Army, Propaganda and Censorship.
Secret Police
Third Section set up by Nicholas I after Decembrist Revolt
Okhrana set up by Alexander II in Powers enhanced.
Provisional Government focus on Wartime Counter Espionage Bureau
Cheka under Felix Dzerzhinsky. Focused on counter-revolutionary activity.
Cheka implements Red Terror, Kulak elimination, labour camps
GPU then OGPU in Still feared by population.
NKVD formed 1934, led by Yagoda then Yezhov. Gulags, Purges
1946 MVD and KGB.
Army
Russification leads to army as peacekeeping force
Used on Bloody Sunday. Less effective in Bolsheviks deploy army to
Consolidate power. Red Army imposes War Communism. Suppresses Kronstadt 1921.
Under Stalin Red Army involved in grain recquisition and purges.
Under Khrushchev more focused on international conflits.

8. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Methods of Repression and enforcement
Censorship
AII
Russia Experiences Glasnost (openness) for the first time
1865 Censorship relaxed books published, 1864 it was 1836 books.
1872 Das Kapital Published
AIII
Clampdown on publications, newspapers closed down, journals censored
NII
Reversion to Glasnost, publications increase by three times in his reign.
Pre-publication censorship dissappears. Publishers could still be fined/shut down.
Kopek newspapers (penny paper) aimed at proletariat. Dumas reported on. Heavy censorship during WW1. News gained from Foreign broadcast
Lenin
Press freedoms abolished in order to suppress counter-revolutionaries.
1921 Agitation and Propaganda (Agitprop) department founded.
Schools, cinemas, radio, libraries all under survellaince. Only writers who supported the Bolsheviks flourished
Stalin
Censorship increased. By 1932 all literary groups shut down. Writers had to join Union of Soviet Writers.
1934 Writers had to produce “socialist realism”. Many sent to camps and exile.
WW2 saw news fictionalised and distorted. Idea of “New Soviet Man”
Khrushchev
Censorship eased. 65,000 books a year. 60 million reading newspapers.
By 1959 there were 135,000 libraries with 8 billion books.
Propaganda
Tsars promoted themselves
To small extent
Peace Land Bread
All power to the Soviets
Cults of Personality
Pravda + Izvestiya
Komsomols
Stakhanovism
Dynamo and Spartak Moscow
Eisenstein.

9. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Extent and Impact Of reform
Tsarism
Tsars tended to use reform to appease opposition.
Emancipation intended to make serfs less likely to riot.
Duma intended to quieten those who wanted constitutional reform.
Provisional government reformed to help stability.
However reforms often led to an increase in opposition.
Communism
Used reform to control opposition
Reforms tended to crush opponents of the regime
War Communism, NEP and Five Year Plans all were combined with repression.
Little scope to question the reforms.
Those who disagreed with reform were exiled or executed.

10. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
The extent and effectiveness of opposition before and after 1917
Tsarism
Populists/Narodniks 1863(Chernyshevsky)
Peoples Will 1879, “propaganda of the deed” (violence)
Socialist Revolutionaries 1901, killed Minister of Interior Plehve in 1904.
Social Democrats 1898, set up by Plekhanov. Divided into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
1904 Liberal “westernisers”.
Kadets + Octobrists 1905, supported the October Manifesto, liberal groups. Played
Roles in Dumas.
Communism
Bolsheviks fail to win majority in Constituent Assembly Most votes for SRs.
1921 “On Party Unit” made parties illegal and banned factions.
Opposition inside party to War Communism and Brest-Litovsk. NEP brought in as
Response to pressure for change.
Power struggle after death of Lenin between Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev
Purges under Stalin

11. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
The extent and effectiveness of opposition before and after 1917
Peasants
Peasants largely ignorant and apathetic. Were 70-80% of population during Tsarism.
Riots based on land distribution and food access. Prevalent throughout
1861 Emancipation leads to unrest.
Land Captains quell revolt in 1890s.
1891 Famine revolts due to redemption payments and rising prices.
Land appropriated, refused to pay taxes, robbed stores, attacked landowners.
Black Earth revolts suppressed by Stolypin his reforms pacify.
War Communism hurts peasants, NEP brought in to appease them.
Collectivisation and dekulakisation ignited Peasant unrest. Significant opposition.
Little unrest during Khrushchev era.
Workers
Workers grow after Witte’s “great spurt”
Working conditions poor under Tsarism and Communism.
1885 Morozov strike involved Bloody Sunday Strikes. Lena Goldfield Massacre Putilov strikes 1917.
Workers accepted Five Year Plans, however suicides increasing. WW2 pressures.
Khrushchev industrial relations stable, although Novocherhassk 20 workers killed.

12. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*

13. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Over to you
Autocracy, Dictatorship and Totalitarianism
Democracy
Change and Continuity in Central Administration A + Katie
Methods of Repression and enforcement Tom and Mollie
Liberalism
Extent and Impact Of reform Charlottes and Poppy
The extent and effectiveness of opposition before and after 1917 George and James
Autocracy
Dictatorship
Totalitarianism
Time

14. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*
Homework for next week Monday 13th
Revise for fact test on Society
Bring examples of revision materials for society
“The Lives of Peasants did not improve during the period ” How
Far do you agree with this statement? (25)

15. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*

16. LO: To revise the nature of government
Describe the key question topics E-D
Explain the importance of key factors C-B
Judge the most important arguments A-A*