1. Chapter 7
Ethnicity

2. Ethnicity – Key Issues Where are ethnicities distributed?
Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
Why do ethnicities clash?
What is ethnic cleansing?

3. Key Issue 1: Where are ethnicities distributed?
Ethnicities in the United States
Clustering of ethnicities
African American migration patterns
Differentiating ethnicity and race
Race in the United States
Division by race in South Africa

4. Race
Race- Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
Does not exist on a scientific level, despite influence of the idea.
The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and no way to tell where one category stops and another begins.
Most of us are muts
Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time for much genetic variation
We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.”
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5. Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910
Race in the U.S.
Genetic mixing is so common and complete that most geographers dismiss race as a category since it can not be clearly tied to place.
Rosa Parks
Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910
Dogs Used to Control Protestors, 1957

6. What is ethnicity?
Turkish
Armenian
Puerto Rican
Ethnicity- Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
Customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, etc...
The most common ethnicities within the U.S. are African Americans (Not Africans) and Hispanics/Latinos, about 13% each.
Others include Asian American (4%) and American Indian (1%).
Racial Shift:
Mongolian
Japanese
Kazakh
Thai
Chinese

7. Clustering of Ethnicities
Within a country, clustering of ethnicities may occur on a regional scale, or within particular neighborhoods of cities.
Regional-
In the U.S., African Americans are clustered in the S.E.,
Hispanics in the S.W.
Asians in the West
Native Americans in the S.W. and Great Plains.
Why?

8. African Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

9. Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

10. Asian Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

11. Native Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

12. Clustering in Cities
African Americans are highly clustered within cities, greater than 50% of blacks live within cities.
Ex- In Detroit - comprise 80% of the pop, but only 7% of the pop in the rest of Michigan.
The distribution of Hispanics in northern cities is similar to that of African Americans, for instance NYC is 25% Hispanic, but only 5% the rest of New York.

13. Clustering in Neighborhoods
Especially visible on the neighborhood level in Chicago.
Immigrants from S. and E. Europe tended to chain migrate to specific city blocks
Likely to retain their ethnic identity through religion, food, and other cultural traditions rather than through location of residence.

14. Ethnicities in Chicago
Jewish (Cohen)
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

15. Ethnicities in Los Angeles
Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

16. Clustering of African Americans
The current clustering of African Americans w/in the U.S. results from three major migration flows:
Immigration from Africa in the 18th century (slave trade)
Immigration from the South to northern cities during first ½ of 20th century.
Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods in the second ½ of the 20th century.

17. Triangular Slave Trade and African Source Areas
Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

18. African American Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

19. African Americans in Baltimore
Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

20. Clustering of African Americans
Blockbusting – second link
process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.
The real estate agents then turned around and sold the homes at extremely high prices to blacks that were emigrating from the inner city.
Racism or stereotyping can lead to a phenomenon
“White flight” is the rapid fleeing of whites from the cities as black families emigrate out of the ghettos, or as the ghetto expands. It was encouraged by blockbusting.
Video
Do you think this still happening today?

21. South African Apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
The apartheid laws were repealed in in South Africa, but many years will be needed to erase the legacy of such racist policies
Nelson Mandela

22. Key Issue 2: Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
Rise of nationalities
Nation-states
Nationalism
Multinational states
Former Soviet Union
Russia
Turmoil in the Caucasus
Revival of ethnic identity
Ethnicity and communism
Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

23. Nationalism Nationality Self-determination Nationalism
Identity with a group of people that show legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
Nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.
WWI and WWII Songs

24. Nationalism As simple patriotism it helps create national unity
When extreme
It can be very dangerous to minorities
Can breed intolerance of difference and Others
Do we see examples in the U.S. today?

25. Nationalities and States
A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government
Nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
Denmark
Ethnic groups have been transformed into nationalities because desire for self-rule is a very important shared attitude for many of them

26. Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces
Centripetal force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
911 – patriotism
Common enemy - Soviets, now who?
Centrifugal force
An attitude that tends to divide people and states.
Ferguson
Partisan politics

27. Multi-Ethnic and Multinational States
Multi-Ethnic State
State that contains more than one ethnicity.
United States
Multinational State
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
The United Kingdom & Soviet Union
The Soviet Union was the largest multinational state until its fall in the early 1990s; it consisted of 15 different republics based on its largest ethnicities.
Now Russia is the largest multinational state, with 39 nationalities.

28. Republics of the Soviet Union
Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

29. Ethnic Groups in Russia
Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

30. Key Issue 3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality
Horn of Africa
Lebanon
Dividing Ethnicities Among More than One State
South Asia
Sri Lanka

31. Ethnic Division of South Asia
At independence in 1947,
British India was divided
into India and Pakistan,
resulting in the migration of
17 million people and many
killings. In 1971, after a
brutal civil war, East
Pakistan became the
country of Bangladesh.

32. Jammu and Kashmir India – Jammu & Kashmir
Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.
Video

33. Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka
The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.
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34. Key Issue 4: What is Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia
Bosnia
Kosovo
Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa
Rwanda

35. Key Issue 4: What is Ethnic Cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Bosnia
Rwanda Genocide