1. Ch.12: Motivation
Main Theories
Hunger
Social Motivation

2. Theories Instinct Criticism: do we have instincts? Drive-Reduction
Reduce a drive, goal is homeostasis
Criticism: motivations not based on physiological needs?
Incentive
Rewards (intrinsic or extrinsic)
Arousal
Curiosity, find a good medium level of arousal
Hierarchy of Needs
Motivated to reach self-actualization
Criticism: do we always go in the order of the pyramid?

3. Hunger Brain Hormones Other Hypothalamus
Lateral: I’m hungry!
Ventromedial: Stop eating!
Hormones
Insulin: blood glucose, too low = hungry!
Leptin: decrease hunger!
Set Point (thermostat in body)
Other
Social, cultural, time of day
Anorexia vs. bulimia

4. Achievement Affiliation vs. ostracism
Achievement- desire for significant accomplishment
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic

5. Ch.13: Emotions
Theories
Facial Expressions
Aggression

6. Theories James-Lange Cannon Bard Schacter-Singer (Two Factor)
Later labels
Cannon Bard
Label at the same time
Schacter-Singer (Two Factor)
Cognitive label

7. Facial Expressions Facial expressions are innate
Facial and behavioral feedback hypothesis

8. Aggression
Catharsis
Does not help long term

9. Ch.14: Stress
Theories
Physiological Effects

10. Theories Cognitive G.A.S. (Selye) Type A vs. Type B
Stress comes from how we perceive an event
G.A.S. (Selye)
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Type A vs. Type B
A= competitive (stress!)
B= chill (less stress!)

11. Physiological Activates sympathetic nervous system Stress leads to:
Coronary heart disease
Immune system breaks down
Ulcers
depression

12. Ch.15: Personality Theories Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages
Assessing Personalities
Criticism

13. Theories Psychoanalytical (Freud)
Conflicts between Id, Superego, and Ego. (Freud)
Repressed unconscious drives developed in childhood (Freud)
Neo-Freudian/Psychodynamic
Our collective unconscious (Jung)
childhood inferiority (Adler)
childhood anxiety (Horney)
Humanistic
Our desire to reach self-actualization (Maslow)
how much unconditional positive regard we have received (Rogers)
Trait
Big 5: CANOE (Costa and McCrae)
Social Cognitive
Reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
Locus of control, explanatory style, self-efficacy, learned helplessness

14. Psychoanalytical: Defense Mechanisms
See Handout!
Repression (biggest one to know): block unwanted memories
Regression: back to child
Denial: reject truth
Displacement: take out anger on someone else
Projection: put our attributes on someone else
Rationalization: making excuses
Reaction Formation: believe opposite of what we feel
Sublimation: convert bad actions into more acceptable

15. Psychoanalytical: Psychosexual Stages
Conflicts must be resolved
You may, however, be fixated on one stage
Stage
Focus
Oral (0 – 18 months)
Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing
Anal (18 – 36 months)
Pleasure centers on bowel and bladder control
Phallic (3 – 6 years)
Pleasure centers in the genitals (coping with sexual feelings)
• Boys develop Oedipus complex- a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feeling jealousy and hatred for the father
• Girls develop Electra complex- opposite as Oedipus
(identification happens in this stage)
Latency (6 – puberty)
Hidden (latent) sexual feelings that are submerging.
Genital (puberty on)
Maturation of sexual interests.

16. Assessing Personality
Psychoanalytical
Free association
Projective tests (TAT, inkblot)
Humanistic
Answer question: Who am I?
Trait
Personality inventory (MMPI, Myers Briggs)
Social-Cognitive
Assess in real life situations

17. Criticism Psychoanalytical Humanistic Trait Socio-Cognitive
too much on unconscious and sex
Test results are not reliable or valid
Humanistic
Vague and subjective, too self-centered, and naively optimistic.
Trait
Traits may vary from situation to situation depending on the environment
Socio-Cognitive
Does not focus enough on the actual person (gives too much credit to other factors)

18. Ch.16: Disorders
Disorders
Explaining
DSM-IV
Labeling

19. Disorders Look at Disorders Handout! Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders
Personality
Dissociative
Somatoform
Schizophrenia
Developmental
Eating

20. Explaining Disorders
See slide 15 (earlier)

21. DSM-IV
Medical model- diseases have causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured (in most cases)
DSM-IV describes these diseases.

22. Labeling Rosenhan Study
People may be treated differently when they are labeled.

23. Ch.17: Therapy
History
Goals of Therapy
Methods Used
Criticism

24. History (Past)- lobotomies, ECT, hypnosis Dorothea Dix
Eclectic Approach

25. Goals of Therapy
See slide 16 (earlier)

26. Methods Used Psychoanalytical (Freud) Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic
Free association (look for resistance and transference)
Analyze dreams
Cognitive
Cognitive-behavior therapy (Beck)
Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis)
Behavioral
Classical: counterconditioning, exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning
Operant: behavior modification, token economy (Skinner)
Social: modeling
Humanistic
Client-centered therapy, active listening (Rogers)
Biomedical
Drugs, ECT, light exposure

27. Criticism Psychoanalytical Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Biomedical
Finds root of problem, but does not fix problem
subjective
Cognitive
Sometimes negative thinking is justifiable
Behavioral
Does not address root of problem
Humanistic
Overly optimistic
Biomedical
Side effects, over-medicating

28. Other
Group and Family therapy- therapeutic sharing and listening to other ideas.
Psychologist vs. psychiatrist:
Psychiatrist can prescribe medication

29. Ch.18: Social Psychology How We Think About Each Other Attribution
Attitudes and Actions
How We Influence Each Other
Conformity
Obedience
Group Influence
How We Relate to Each Other
Prejudice/Bias
Aggression
Attraction
Conflict
Altruism

30. Attribution Fundamental attribution error Self-serving bias
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Fund. Attrib. Error

31. Attitudes and Actions Role Playing Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Zimbardo Prison experiment
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Cognitive-Dissonance (Festinger)
Persuasion
Central vs. peripheral route

32. Conformity Asch line experiment Normative social influence
Informational social influence
Conformity is high when:
3 or more people
Unanimous
One is made to feel incompetent

33. Obedience Milgram shock experiment Obedience is high when:
Authority figure present
Victim is depersonalized
No role models

34. Group Influence Social Facilitation Social Loafing Deindividuation
Run faster around people
Social Loafing
Less effort in group
Deindividuation
Scream at refs in group
Group polarization
Groups ideas enhance yours
Groupthink
Irrational decision because it sounds good

35. Prejudice/Bias Scapegoat Ingroup bias Ethnocentrism Stereotype
Blaming someone
Ingroup bias
Favor your group
Ethnocentrism
My culture is better than yours
Stereotype
generalizing

36. Aggression
Frustration leads to aggression
Catharsis

37. Attraction
Mere exposure effect
Similarity
Proximity

38. Conflict
Social Traps
Become selfish instead of thinking helping our collective well being

39. Altruism Bystander effect Why we help Social Exchange Reciprocity Norm
We notice, interpret emergency, assume responsibility
Social Exchange
Rewards exceed costs
Reciprocity Norm
We help those who help us
Social Responsibility Norm
Help those dependent on them
Feel Good, Do Good
Help when in a good mood

40. Ch.7: Consciousness
Sleep
Sleep Disorders
Dreams
Hypnosis
Drugs

41. Sleep: Circadian Rhythm
Daily cycle of sleeping and waking (24 hour cycle)
Controlled by light
Influenced by melatonin

42. Sleep: Stages Stage How Long It Lasts Key Characteristics Stage 1
A few minutes
Your body may suddenly jerk. May experience images resembling hallucinations.
Stage 2
Most of the time
Sleep spindles (theta waves)- bursts of rapid brain wave activity. Sleep talking.
Stage 3
3 minutes
(transition stage)
Stage 4
30 minutes
Delta waves- large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. Sleep walking.
REM
(Stage 5)
REM- rapid eye movement. Most dreaming occurs in this stage. Ψ

43. Sleep: REM REM- dreaming stage
REM Rebound- when deprived of REM, we get into REM faster

44. Sleep: Theories
Evolution
Brain
Memory
Growth

45. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Somnambulism Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea
Night Terrors

46. Dream Theories Freud/Psychoanalytical Activation-Synthesis
Manifest content
Latent content
Activation-Synthesis
Info-Processing
Lucid Dreaming

47. Hypnosis Social Influence (not real, just more suggestibility)
Divided Conscious (real state of conscious) (Hilgard)

48. Drugs Depressants Stimulants Opiates Hallucinogens alcohol meth heroin
LSD

49. Mr. Greene says. . . You’re prepared, let fate do the rest.
At the end of the day (regardless of your score), can you honestly say “I did everything that I could.”
If yes, then you have already won
If no, then use your experience as a learning tool.
You cannot control the outcome, you can only control everything up to the outcome.
Good luck!