1. Global History and Geography
What were the National Unification Movements in Europe and Americas in the 1800s?
Global History and Geography
9th Grade / Br. Siraj
Wednesday, November 14, 2018

2. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Crimean War Caused the Rift among the Concert of Europe
In 1853: Russia invaded Ottoman provinces of Moldova and Walachia
Ottomans declared war on Russia
Britain and France also declared war on Russia fearing its rise.
Russia agreed to place Moldova and Walachia under the Control of Great Powers
Austria was without Friends

3. Italian Unification Italy in the 1800s Divided into many parts
Some independent kingdoms
Some Parts were occupied by Austria-Hungary
Some parts under French Control
Some Parts were under the control of the Pope including Rome

4. Italian Unification During the 1850 Austria Controlled much of Italy.
Kingdom of Piedmont was supposed to provide leadership to Northern Italian People.
In Southern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi raised an army to liberate and unite Italy.
In 1860 Garibaldi’s forces controlled Sicily, Naples,
Garibaldi Gave up his conquests to piedmont
In 1870 Italy was unified as a single Kingdom.

5. Italian Unification: Leaders’ Role
Giuseppe Mazzini – Intellectual
Provided ideas for Italian Unification
Wrote and spoke about the virtues of unification
Formed an organization, Young Italy
He was exiled by the Austrians

6. Italian Unification: Leaders’ Role
Count Camillo De Cavour
Prime Minister of the State of Sardinia
Formed Alliances with French and Prussia
Fought the Austrians to liberate Northern Italy and unify it
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Military leader who gained control of Southern Italy
His forces and Cavour’s forces created Unified Italy

7. German Unification
By Mid 1800s Prussia became the Strongest German State.
It loved militarism
King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia.
Bismarck believed in “realpolitik”
He pursued a policy of “iron and blood”

8. German Unification
His active foreign policy created war with neighbors
He defeated Denmark with Austrian help and gained territory.
He then defeated Austria and enlarged the North German Confederation.
Southern German States, fearing France, entered into military alliance with Prussia.
He had France declare war on Prussia.
Prussia defeated France in Franco-Prussian war.

9. German Unification
France had to give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
On January 18, 1871 a new German Empire (2nd Reich) was proclaimed.
German Unification was now achieved.
King William I of Prussia was made Kaiser William I of Germany and Bismarck as the First Chancellor of Germany.

10. Homework
Questions 1 and 2 on page 603

11. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Britain:
Aristocratic landowning class controlled British politics in the early 1800s.
1832: Parliament granted voting right to Industrial Middle class.
It also had continuous economic growth
Queen Victoria’s reign was also just and prosperous.
So Britain avoided Revolutionary Upheavals of 1800.

12. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
France:
Louis Napoleon in a plebiscite became emperor of France (Napoleon III) in 1852.
He started a very authoritarian state.
He expanded economy to distract people from loss of personal liberty.
He built roads, railroads, canals, and many public facilities for France.
He later liberalized his regime.
The Empire fell after the defeat in Franco-Prussian war in 1871.

13. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Austrian Empire:
Centralized State was restored after the crushing of 1848 and 1849 revolutions
Defeat at Austro-Prussian war caused Hapsburg rulers to give concessions to Hungarians.
The Compromise of 1867 created the dual-monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
In domestic matters Hungary was independent.
Both Austria and Hungary had its own constitution and parliament.
In Foreign affairs and defense the Hapsburgs controlled the states.

14. Nationalism and Reform in Europe
Russia:
Defeat in Crimean War caused the call for reform.
Czar Alexander II in 1861 emancipated serfs.
Government bought land from land lords and gave to peasants.
They did not have the good lands. So peasants remained unhappy.
The assassination of Alexander II ended the reforms.

15. Nationalism in the US.
U.S. became a powerhouse of nationalism and liberalism
Debate between Federalists and Republicans over division of governmental power remained active.
Andrew Jackson's election to office extended democracy.
Division restarted over slavery during mid-19th century.
Southern agricultural economy was dependent on slavery.
Abolitionism grew in the North.

16. Nationalism in the US.
Abraham Lincoln’s election made southerners leave the union.
South Carolina in 1860 seceded from the Union.
By February 1861 six more southern states seceded from the Union and formed Confederate States of America.
The war between the two states was termed US civil war and a Union Victory caused the United States’ national Unity prevail.

17. Emergence of Canadian Nation
Britain acquired Canada from France after 1763 war.
Upper Canada spoke English and Lower Canada spoke French.
In 1840 United Provinces of Canada was formed.
In 1867 Parliament’s the British North America Act established the Dominion of Canada.
It had its own constitution.
John Macdonald became first Prime Minister.
Foreign affairs remained in British hands.

18. Homework
Questions 4, 5 and 6 on page 603.