1. Chapter 27 Lesson 1 Review
CHAPTER 27 LESSON 1 REVIEW!!!

2. What are the four fundamental causes for WWI?
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism

3. Chapter 27 Lesson 2 Notes

4. WESTERN FRONT WARFARE
Trench fighting of 700-miles of unbroken parallel line of ditches stretching from
Switzerland to the North Sea with French / British troops versus German troops trenches separated only by a desolate area called
“No Man’s Land”
Caused by industrialized weapons, resulting with a (whereby no one side gain an advantage over the other)
stalemate, leading to a
war of attrition (each side wears down its enemy’s resources)

6. EXAMPLES:
The Battle of the Marne (France, 1915):
The Schlieffen Plan is abandoned as
Germany now faces a
2-front war
The Battle of Verdun (France, 1916): Germany gains only 4 miles in 6 months with total casualties of 500,000
The Battle of the Somme (France, 1916): Allied (warring nations)
belligerents gain 5 miles, losing one million soldiers

8. WWI gas masks
British
German
Italian
French

10. a war of mobilization, but stalemate common
EASTERN FRONT WARFARE
a war of mobilization, but
stalemate common
2. The Battle of Tannenberg (East Prussia,
1914): Allied Power,
Russia, is crushed and never fully recovers
from this defeat; but continues to force a
two-front war on Germany by continuing to contribute soldiers to the Allied cause in the east, despite its defeat at
Tannenberg)

11. 3. The Gallipoli Campaign [a campaign is any series
of battles related to the same objective] (1914):
The Allies fail to capture
the Bosporus Strait and
the Strait of the
Dardanelles,
both of which were
controlled by the
Ottoman Turks;
Allied Power,
Russia, is now cut off
from Allied support and
supplies, but continues
to fight despite its
almost hopeless
situation
Gallipoli Peninsula
Ottoman Empire

12. THE ITALIAN FRONT:
Little effort made by the Italians except to divert Germany from the Eastern Front

13. REASONS WHY THE UNITED STATES ENTERS WORLD WAR I ON APRIL 8,
1917:
from a policy of (remaining uninvolved in world affairs)
isolationism to a policy of
belligerency
British (a one-sided view to encourage support)
propaganda against
Germany becomes increasingly persuasive in the U.S.

14. Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico; the telegram
3. The Zimmermann Telegram: this dispatch was sent from Germany to the German ambassador serving in
Mexico; the message suggested that Mexico should declare war on the United States and reclaim
Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico; the telegram
is intercepted by British intelligence; telegram given to the U.S. government; the U.S. gov’t releases telegram to the press to anger
Americans

15. Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare on four U. S
Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare on four U.S. “neutral” merchant ships suspected by the Germans of carrying
contraband (illegal war materials)
5. the 1915 sinking of the British passenger liner, the Lusitania, by Germany with almost 200 Americans on board

16. 6. President Woodrow
Wilson declares war on Germany and the rest of the Central Powers “to make the world safe for
democracy” and as a “war to end (all) wars”

17. REASONS WHY RUSSIA WITHDRAWS FROM WORLD WAR I (MARCH, 1917):
defeat in 1914 at the Battle of
Tannenberg
failure of the Allied offensive in the
Gallipoli Campaign

18. Nicholas II is held responsible for the 1905
event called Bloody Sunday whereby 100s
of peaceful protesters were gunned down
by Russian soldiers at the Winter Palace in
St. Petersburg causing a loss of faith in the
czar
war-time food shortages
with severe food rationing
disastrous losses on the
battlefield
Czar Nicholas II abdicates
the Russian throne in March,
1917, ending a 300-year rule
by the Romanov Dynasty

19. Czarist rule is followed by a provisional (temporary) government led by Alexander Kerensky, a
Menshevik, (a moderate socialist) in the Russian legislature, called the
Duma

20. the radical socialists called the
Bolsheviks, or Communists, come to
power in Russia when Germany secretly
transports exiled Russian
leader,
Lenin, back into the country;
c. Lenin overthrows Kerensky
with a
coup d’etat, promising
“Land, Peace, and Bread,”
the motto of the
Bolshevik (Communist)
Revolution (Nov., 1917)

21. d. Lenin secretly withdraws Russia from WW I by
signing the
Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany;
Allied Powers angry
e. Russia becomes embroiled in a 3-year civil war
between the Red Army (communists) and the
White Army (Allied troops); the Red
Communists’ Army wins the civil war

22. g. Lenin and the Communist Party take totalitarian control of Russia
f. the Romanov family is assassinated by the
Communists
g. Lenin and the Communist Party take
totalitarian control
of Russia

23. ENTRY OF THE U.S. IN 1917 LEADS TO DEFEAT OF THE CENTRAL POWERS
by 1918 fresh American troops increase Allied
morale with human and industrial resources
2. use of American convoys (warships surrounding merchant ships); mines; under-water explosives; airplanes

24. [Central Powers]
Bulgaria and the
Ottoman Empire are the first and second
respectively to sue for peace
the (Austria-Hungary)
Dual Monarchy falls to revolution, ending
the rule of the
Hapsburg Dynasty

25. Germany’s Wilhelm II (Kaiser Bill) surrenders,
ending the rule of the
Hohenzollern dynasty and the end of the
2nd Reich;
the newly established German
Weimar Republic signs an
armistice (an agreement to stop fighting) at the
11th hour (AM) in the
11th month, on the
11th day,
1918.

26. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE FOLLOWS IN JAN.,
1919

27. The Paris Peace Conference –
Chapter 27 Lesson 3
Notes:
The Paris Peace Conference –
Jan., 1919

28. THE “BIG FOUR” VICTORIOUS ALLIED POWERS:
Prime Minister Lloyd George representing
Britain
Premier Clemenceau representing
France

29. Premier Orlando representing Italy (but angrily
leaves early because Italy does not receive the
promised land from defeated
Austria as Italy had been secretly promised by the
Allies at the beginning of the war);
President Woodrow Wilson representing the
U. S. (Orlando’s absence leaves the
“Big Three” to work out the details of the peace
conference with their subsequent peace treaties)

30. “PEACE OF JUSTICE” IS EMBODIED IN HIS
WILSON’S DESIRE FOR A
“PEACE OF JUSTICE” IS EMBODIED IN HIS
14 POINTS:
no secret treaties
freedom of trade and freedom of the seas
armament reduction for all countries
self-determination:
people have right to rule themselves
14th POINT: to establish an international
organization called the
League of Nations, made up of large and small
states, to
negotiate conflict rather than go to
war

31. TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED BY THE NEWLY FORMED
DEFEATED GERMANY’S
TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED BY THE NEWLY FORMED
WEIMAR REPUBLIC OF GERMANY:
“peace of vengeance” forced upon Germany
rather than using President Wilson’s
suggestion for a “peace of justice” or a “peace
without victory” toward defeated Germany
Germany is forced to accept the
“war guilt” clause, having to take full
responsibility for the war and its aftermath

32. Germany is forced to accept the
“blank check” clause;
reparations (amounts of money to be paid for
damages caused) are determined later to be
$30+ billion
Germany must relinquish (turn over) the iron
& coal-rich territories called
Alsace / Lorraine to
France

33. Poland; the purpose for this strategy is to not
Germany must relinquish the Polish Corridor
along the Baltic Sea to
Poland; the purpose for this strategy is to not
only give land-locked Poland access to a port
called
Danzig for trade, but as important, to divide
the German population to prevent its future
German unity
Germany is forbidden to produce any
additional war materials

34. German land next door to France Germany is forced to relinquish the
Germany is forbidden to
station troops in the
Rhineland, a strip of
German land next door to
France
Germany is forced to
relinquish the
Sudetenland (a moun-
tainous region of 3
million Germans) to
Czechoslovakia, the only
democracy in E. Europe,
and again, the purpose
is to separate the
German population

35. An Anschluss (union)
is forbidden between Germany and
Austria

36. RUSSIA, IS PUNISHED MOST SEVERELY:
EX-ALLIED POWER,
RUSSIA, IS PUNISHED MOST SEVERELY:
Because Communism becomes the most
feared political system, the Allies provide a
buffer zone between Russia and the rest of
Europe by taking Russian lands along the
Baltic Sea so that…

37. former Allied Power,
Russia, loses more
land than any other
belligerent in WW I:
Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, & Lithuania
become independent
Baltic states
Russia also loses
Poland
Russia, too, loses
more soldiers, its
most valuable
resource, than any
other belligerent as
a result of WWI

38. UNITED STATES’ INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD AFFAIRS AFTER WW I:
returns to a policy of
isolationism
refuses to join the
League of Nations
signs 5 separate peace treaties with
each of the defeated
Central Powers