1. Vocabulary
Ethnicity: identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
Race: identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
Nationality: a group of people who share a legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country
Ethnocentrism: belief that one race or ethnic group is superior to others (racism)
White Flight: Emigration of whites from an area Blacks were anticipated to move to

2. Blockbusting: When real-estate agents encouraged white flight to sell properties to incoming minorities to make a profit
Apartheid: physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
Nation: a group with a common bond or shared experience
Nation State: a country that has political boundaries that match a specific ethnic identity
Centripetal force: an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
Centrifugal force: forces that tear countries apart

3. Ethnicity Key question 1: Where are ethnicities distributed?
Key Question 2: Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
We can choose to deny or suppress our ethnicity. Ethnic identity can become diluted but it never disappears

4. Ethnicity vs. Nationality
Citizen of the USA your nationality is American
Ethnicity – a group that shares a cultural background
Pride
Links experiences of ancestors and traditions (food, music)
Measurable differences
Income
Life expectancy
Infant mortality rate

5. Clustering of Ethnicities
Ethnic groups can live in a particular region of the country, or neighborhoods within a city
Regional
African Americans (12%)=Southeast, Hispanics (14%) = Southwest, Asian Americans (4%)= West, American Indians (1%)= Southwest Plains Pg
Cities
African Americans ½ compared to ¼ of Americans
Ex 80% of Detroit and 7% in the other parts of Michigan
Hispanics – similar in the Northern Cities but mixed where there is a large population
Immigration plays a major role

6. African American Migration Patterns
Forced migration – immigration from Africa to the American colonies (233)
Immigration to the North – 1st ½ of the twentieth century (234)
From an agricultural economy to an industrial one
Immigration from inner-city ghettos to urban neighborhoods
½ million in Chicago’s 3 mile

8. Ethnicity Vs. Race
Race: anything that can be passed down from a parent; lactose intolerance is a race trait. Additionally; skin color, hair type and color, blood traits, shape of body, facial features
Ethnocentrism belief that one race or ethnic group is superior to others (racism)
Geographers often follow Ethnicity rather than race
US census uses skin color to trace heritage (pg. 228)
Develops ethnic regions
Ethnicity: Why people live the way they do
Ethnic Identity is determined by individual
Changes with acculturation, assimilation

9. “Separate but equal” Doctrine
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Constitutional, equal treatment of blacks and whites
South began to segregate in multiple ways
Jim Crowe Laws

10. “White Flight”
1950s and 60s segregation laws were eliminated and “separate but equal” was ruled unconstitutional
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
Rather than integrate, whites fled
Overwhelming black populations in cities experienced massive emigration
Caused Blockbusting

11. Apartheid System
South Africa – physical separation of different races into different geographical areas (repealed in 1990)
4 categories; Black, White, Mix, Asian
Live, school, work, shop, own land
Paid lower wages for similar work, could not vote or run for elections
Tried to establish new homelands (237)
Nelson Mandela – anti-apartheid leader

12. Nationalities & ethnicities
Similar in the fact membership is defined through shared cultural values
Cultural values of ethnicities = religion, language, and material culture
Cultural values of Nationalities = voting, place of birth, obtaining a passport, performing civic duties, state symbols, shared attitudes
Ex: Quebec is different in language, religion, and other cultural traditions. Form a different ethnicity or nationality?
If nationality, the Quebec govt. would have a stronger justification to form an independent country

13. Nation-States
Ethnic groups that have become nationalities because of desire for self-rule
Adapted from city-states from the Greeks
Europe (France), Expansion into Africa & Asia, Germany and WWII
Ethnic group matches political boundaries
Japan, Iceland, Denmark
Stateless nations – Ethnic groups with no state (Kurds)

14. Nationalism Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nationality.
Their nation above all others, mass media
Flags and symbols, common culture, shared attitudes, shared emotions
Centripetal Forces – Force that brings people together
Patriotic symbols, currency, common enemy
Forward Capitals – movement of capital to unite a country (Brazil)
Centrifugal force – Forces that tear a country apart
Different culture (customs, languages, religions, ethnicities)

15. Multiethnic State A state that has more than one ethnicity
Multinational state – 2 ethnic groups that agree to coexist peacefully
Former Soviet Union was the largest, 15
Russia is currently it, 39 nationalities

16. Vocabulary
Irredentism: when a country attempts to incite a separatist movement in another country
Ethnic Cleansing: an attempt by a more powerful group to forcibly eliminate another ethnic group by either migration or genocide
Genocide: Systematic murder of a specific ethnic group
Balkanization: the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

17. Vocabulary
Sovereignty: ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
Supranationalism: the process where a sovereign country unites with others for a common purpose
Devolution: The process where a state or region desires more autonomy
Self-Determination: The belief that different ethnic groups should govern themselves

18. Key Issues # 3 and 4 Why do ethnicities clash?
Ethnic competition to dominate nationality
Dividing ethnicities among more than one state
What is Ethnic cleansing?

19. Africa Background
Different ethnic groups fight to dominate a nation-state
Divisions are impossible and unwanted
Africa is historically divided into tribes
Europeans often grouped different tribes into a single colony

21. European Influence African nation-states developed from these colonies
No identification with these artificial boundaries
Numerous ethnic groups in a single country
Leads to widespread conflict within Africa

22. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality
Sub-Saharan Africa
Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia
Ethiopia and Eritrea
Ethiopia gained it after WWII
Banned language and became involved in affairs
Rebelled – 30 years of war
Sudan
Black Christians and animist rebels vs. Muslim
Emplacing strict Muslim rules on all society
Darfur

23. Dividing Ethnicities Among more than One State
Newly independent countries are often created to separate two ethnicities
India = Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan
Forced Migration
Ethnic disputes (boundary lines)

24. Ethnic Cleansing
Rid an area of an entire ethnicity so that the surviving ethnic group can be the sole inhabitance
Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo
Balkan Peninsula
Balkanization
Threat to peace throughout the world, not just in one area
Lead to WWI