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The Respiratory System
12 The Respiratory System
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Multimedia Directory Slide 27 Respiratory System Animation
Slide 32 Sleep Apnea Video Slide 43 Asthma Animation Slide 46 Bronchitis Animation Slide 49 Pulmonary Diseases Video Slide 53 Cystic Fibrosis Video Slide 65 Pneumonia Animation Slide 71 Tuberculosis Video Slide 73 ARDS Animation Slide 75 Allergic Rhinitis Video Slide 94 Setting Up and Assisting with Intubation Video Slide 102 Nebulizer Video
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Multimedia Directory (cont.)
Slide 105 Pulse Oximetry Video Slide 114 Spirometry Video Slide 116 TB Testing & Analysis Video
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Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Define and spell the word parts used to create medical terms for the respiratory system Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their structure and function Define common medical terms used for the respiratory system
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices for the respiratory system
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The Respiratory System
Functions Brings oxygen to the bloodstream Removes waste product carbon dioxide from blood
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Figure 12.1 The Upper Respiratory System
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Figure 12.2 The Respiratory System
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Prefixes a-, an- = without absence of dia- = through endo- = within
epi- = upon, over, above, on top
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Prefixes (cont.) eu- = normal, good in- = without neo- = new
pan- = all, entire poly- = many
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Combining Forms alveol/o = air sac, alveolus atel/o = incomplete
bronch/i, bronch/o = airway, bronchus con/i = dust cyst/o = sac, bladder
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Combining Forms (cont.)
fibr/o = fiber glott/o = opening into the windpipe hem/o, hemat/o = blood laryng/o = voice box, larynx lob/o = a rounded part, lobe
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Combining Forms (cont.)
muc/o = mucus nas/o = nose orth/o = straight ox/i = oxygen pharyng/o = throat, pharynx
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Combining Forms (cont.)
phragm/o, phragmat/o = partition pleur/o = rib, pleura pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneumat/o = air, lung pulmon/o = lung
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Combining Forms (cont.)
py/o = pus rhin/o = nose sept/o = wall, partition sinus/o = cavity
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Combining Forms (cont.)
somn/o = sleep sphyx/o = pulse spir/o = to breathe sten/o = narrowness, constriction thorac/o = chest, thorax
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Combining Forms (cont.)
tonsill/o = almond, tonsil trache/o = windpipe, trachea tubercul/o = little mass or swelling
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Suffixes -algia = pain -ar, -ary = pertaining to
-capnia = condition of carbon dioxide -cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion -centesis = surgical puncture to aspirate fluids
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Suffixes (cont.) -eal = pertaining to -ectasis = expansion, dilation
-emia = condition of blood -metry = measurement -osis = condition of -otomy, -tomy = cutting into, incision
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Suffixes (cont.) -oxia = condition of oxygen
-pexy = surgical fixation, suspension -phonia = condition of sound or voice -plasm = something shaped -pnea = breathing -ptysis = to cough up
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Suffixes (cont.) -rrhagia = bleeding, hemorrhage
-rrhea = discharge (of fluid) -spasm = sudden, involuntary muscle contraction -staxis = dripping -stomy = surgical creation of an opening
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Anatomy and Physiology
Three steps of respiration Inspiration (inhalation) External respiration (gas exchange) Expiration (exhalation) Ventilation—inspiration and expiration together Diaphragm—most important respiratory muscle
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
Conducting portion—chambers and tubes that conduct air to and from the lungs Upper respiratory tract Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
Conducting portion—chambers and tubes that conduct air to and from the lungs Lower respiratory tract Bronchi Bronchial tree Bronchioles
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
Respiratory portion—alveoli are sites of gas exchange with bloodstream Respiratory membrane Barrier between the alveolus and bloodstream Site of gas diffusion between lungs and blood Lung Visceral pleura—outer surface of lung Parietal pleura—outer membrane layer attached to inside wall of thorax
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Figure 12.3 The bronchial tree and alveoli
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Respiratory System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the respiratory system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory
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Word Roots alveol = air sac bronch = airway
glott = opening into the windpipe laryng = voice box nas = nose
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Word Roots (cont.) pharyng = throat phragm = partition pleur = rib
spir = to breathe trache = windpipe
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Symptoms and Signs Acapnia Anoxia Aphonia Absence of carbon dioxide
Absence of oxygen Aphonia Absence of voice
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Apnea Pause in breathing Bradypnea Slow breathing
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of sleep apnea.
Sleep Apnea Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of sleep apnea. Back to Directory
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Bronchospasm Narrowing of the airway when smooth muscles contract in the walls of the bronchioles Cheyne-Stokes respiration Pattern of breathing marked by a gradual increase of deep breathing, followed by shallow breathing, that leads to apnea
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Dysphonia Hoarseness of the voice Dyspnea Difficulty breathing Epistaxis A nosebleed Eupnea Normal breathing
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hemoptysis Coughing up and spitting out blood that originates from the lungs Hemothorax Blood in the pleural cavity Hypercapnia Excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hyperpnea Deep breathing Hyperventilation Excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs Hypocapnia Deficient levels of carbon dioxide in the blood Can result in apnea
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hypopnea Shallow breathing Hypoventilation Breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body’s gas-exchange demands Hypoxemia Deficient levels of oxygen in the blood
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hypoxia Deficient levels of oxygen in tissues throughout the body Laryngospasm Spasmodic closure of the glottis Orthopnea Ability to breathe is limited to an upright position
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Paroxysm Episodes of severe coughing Rhinorrhagia Rapid flow of blood from the nose Also called epistaxis
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Rhinorrhea Fluid discharge from the nose Sputum Expectorated matter; usually contains mucus and sometimes pus Tachypnea Rapid breathing Thoracalgia Pain in the chest region
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Diseases and Disorders
Asphyxia Suffocation Asthma Characterized by widespread narrowing of the bronchioles formation of mucous plugs Symptoms—wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing
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Figure Asthma
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Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of asthma.
Asthma Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of asthma. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Atelectasis Absence of gas in the lungs Also called collapsed lung Bronchiectasis Dilation of the bronchi Patient: has chronic respiratory infections often produces a lot of purulent sputum
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi Bronchogenic carcinoma Cancer that originates in the bronchi
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Click on the screenshot to view an animation on bronchitis.
Bronchitis Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on bronchitis. Back to Directory
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Figure 12.5 Bronchogenic carcinoma
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Bronchopneumonia Acute inflammation of the smaller bronchial tubes, bronchioles, and alveoli Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A group of disorders associated with obstruction of bronchial airflow Usually a result of inhaling tobacco products for many years Abbreviated COPD
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Pulmonary Diseases Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of pulmonary diseases. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Coccidioidomycosis Fungal infection of upper respiratory tract and lungs that often spreads to other organs Also known as valley fever Cor pulmonale Disease of the right side of the heart that is caused by a chronic lung disease, such as emphysema
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Coryza Common viral head cold Croup Respiratory condition of infants and young children “Barking” cough
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Cystic fibrosis Hereditary disease characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract and elsewhere Abbreviated CF
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The video may take a moment before playing.
Cystic Fibrosis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of cystic fibrosis. The video may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Deviated septum Nasal septum is not median, creating one nasal cavity that is larger than the other Diaphragmatocele Protrusion of the stomach and/or intestine through the diaphragm Can interfere with breathing
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Emphysema Chronic lung disease characterized by enlarged alveoli damaged respiratory membrane Symptoms include apnea a barrel chest due to labored breathing gradual deterioration due to chronic hypoxemia
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Figure Emphysema
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Figure 12.6 (continued) This patient shows characteristics of emphysema
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Epiglottitis Inflammation of the epiglottis Insomnia Inability to sleep Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Laryngotracheobronchitis Chronic inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi Acute form that strikes infants and children is called croup Legionellosis Form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila Also called Legionnaire’s disease
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the nose and pharynx Obstructive sleep apnea Collapse of the pharynx during sleep Pansinusitis Inflammation of all paranasal sinuses on one or both sides of the face
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pertussis Acute infectious disease Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi Spasmodic coughing Also called whooping cough Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pleural effusion Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity during inflammation Pleuritis Inflammation of the pleurae Also called pleurisy Pneumatocele Hernia of the lung, in which the lung protrudes through an opening in the chest
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pneumoconiosis Inflammation of the lungs caused by the chronic inhalation of fine particles Includes: asbestosis silicosis
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Pneumonia caused by the fungus P. carinii A common opportunistic disease in patients with AIDS Pneumonia Inflammation of lung tissue Alveoli accumulate fluid and sometimes pus Causes may be bacterial, viral, fungal, or noninfectious, such as smoke inhalation
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Pneumonia Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of pneumonia. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lungs, independent of a particular cause Pneumothorax Presence of air or gas in the pleural space, causing lung to collapse Causes include fractured rib, puncture wounds to chest, ruptured air sac (as with emphysema)
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Figure 12.7 Pneumothorax and atelectasis
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pulmonary edema Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and bronchioles Pulmonary embolism Blockage in the pulmonary circulation caused by a moving blood clot Pulmonary neoplasm Tumor of the lung
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pulmonary tuberculosis Lung infection Includes tubercle formation, inflammation, and necrotic lesions Abbreviated TB Pyothorax A condition of pus in the pleural cavity Also called empyema
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Figure 12.8 Pulmonary tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of tuberculosis. The video may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory failure characterized by atelectasis Two forms Neonatal (or infant) respiratory distress syndrome Adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome
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Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of ARDS.
ARDS Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of ARDS. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane Rhinomycosis Fungal infection of the nasal mucous membrane
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Allergic Rhinitis Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of allergic rhinitis. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome Rapid-onset viral infection Abbreviated SARS Sinusitis Inflammation of the sinus mucous membranes
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Tonsillitis Inflammation of a tonsil, usually a palatine tonsil Tracheitis Inflammation of the trachea
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Tracheostenosis Narrowing of the trachea Upper respiratory infection Infection of the upper respiratory tract Usually the result of a virus Abbreviated URI
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices
Acid-fast bacilli smear Clinical test performed on sputum to identify the presence of bacteria that react to acid Adenoidectomy Excision of a swollen pharyngeal tonsil, known as an adenoid
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Antihistamine Therapeutic drug that inhibits the effects of histamines (compounds released by cells that cause bronchial constriction and blood-vessel dilation) Arterial blood gases Clinical test on arterial blood to identify levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide Abbreviated ABGs
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Aspiration Removal of fluid with suction Auscultation Physical examination, often with the aid of a stethoscope, for listening to sounds within the body
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Figure Auscultation
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Bronchodilation Use of a bronchodilating agent to allow easier breathing Bronchogram X-ray image of the bronchi
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Bronchography Procedure for obtaining an x-ray of the bronchi Bronchoplasty Surgical repair of a bronchus Bronchoscopy Bronchi are examined with a bronchoscope
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Figure Bronchoscopy
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Chest CT scan Diagnostic 3-D imaging of the chest Used to diagnose: respiratory tumors pleural effusion pleurisy other diseases
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Figure 12.11 Chest CT scan Source: Getty Images Inc.-Stone Allstock
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Chest x-ray X-ray photograph of the thoracic cavity Used to diagnose: tuberculosis tumors other lung conditions Abbreviated CXR Also called a chest radiograph
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Figure 12.12 Chest x-ray Source: Bachman/Photo Researchers Inc.
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Figure 12.12 (continued) Chest x-ray Source: Bachman/Photo Researchers Inc.
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Ear, nose, and throat specialist Physician who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat Abbreviated ENT
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Endoscopy Visual examination of a body space with an endoscope A noninvasive technique for diagnostic and treatment purposes
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Endotracheal intubation Insertion of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway Expectorant Drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing to remove it
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of intubation.
Intubation Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of intubation. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Incentive spirometry Breathing therapy in which patient uses a portable spirometer to assist in deep breathing exercises Laryngectomy Surgical removal or excision of the larynx
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Figure 12.13 Incentive spirometer
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Laryngocentesis Surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from the larynx Laryngoplasty Surgical repair of the larynx Laryngoscopy Procedure that examines the larynx with a laryngoscope
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Laryngostomy Surgical creation of a permanent opening into the larynx Laryngotracheotomy Incision into the larynx and trachea Lobectomy Excision of a section or lobe of a lung Usually a treatment for lung cancer
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Magnetic resonance imaging Noninvasive diagnostic imaging that uses magnetic fields and computer imaging equipment Abbreviated MRI
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Mechanical ventilation Assisted breathing using a ventilator, which pushes air into the patient’s airway Nebulizer Device used to convert a liquid medication to a mist and deliver it to the lungs with the aid of a deep inhalation
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Figure 12.14 Mechanical ventilation
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of nebulizers.
Nebulizer Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of nebulizers. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Oximetry Measurement of oxygen levels in the blood using an oximeter A pulse oximeter is a noninvasive procedure with an oximeter that is pressed against the fingertip
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Figure Pulse oximetry
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Pulse Oximetry Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of pulse oximeters. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pleurocentesis Surgical puncture and aspiration of fluid from the pleural cavity Pneumobronchotomy Incision of the lung and bronchus
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pneumonectomy Excision of an entire lung Usually performed as a treatment for lung cancer Pulmonary angiography X-ray of the blood vessels of the lungs following injection of a contrast medium
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pulmonary function tests Diagnostic tests performed to determine cause of lung disease by evaluating lung capacity through the use of spirometry Tests include: tidal volume (TV) vital capacity (VC)
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Figure 12.16 Pulmonary Function Test
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pulmonary specialist Physician who specializes in the treatment of lung disease Respiratory specialist Medical health professional who specializes in the treatment of breathing disorders
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Resuscitation To revive, to bring back to life or consciousness Most common form is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Rhinoplasty Surgical repair of the nose, often for cosmetic reasons Septoplasty Surgical repair of the nasal septum Septotomy Incision of the nasal septum
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Sinusotomy Incision of a paranasal sinus Spirometer Instrument used to measure breathing volume Spirometry Procedure that uses a spirometer to measure breathing volumes
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of spirometry.
Spirometry Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of spirometry. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Stethoscope Diagnostic instrument used to hear sounds in the body, such as breathing TB skin test Test to determine the presence of a TB infection Also called PPD skin test or Mantoux skin test
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TB Testing and Analysis Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on tuberculosis testing and analysis. Back to Directory
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Figure TB skin test
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Figure 12.17 (continued) TB skin test
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Figure 12.17 (continued) TB skin test
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Thoracocentesis Surgical puncture into the chest cavity to aspirate fluid Also called thoracentesis Thoracoscopy Examination of the thoracic cavity using a thoracoscope
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Thoracostomy Surgical puncture into the chest cavity, usually for the insertion of a tube Thoracotomy Incision into the chest
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Tonsillectomy Excision of one or more tonsils, usually palatine tonsils in the back of the throat Tracheoplasty Surgical repair of the trachea Tracheostomy Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea, usually for the insertion of a tube as a long-term treatment
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Figure 12.18 Tracheostomy Source: (Ansell Horn/Phototake NYC)
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Figure 12.18 (continued) Tracheostomy Source: (Ansell Horn/Phototake NYC)
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Tracheotomy Incision into the trachea Ventilation-perfusion scanning Diagnostic tool of nuclear medicine used to evaluate pulmonary function Can identify pulmonary embolism and pulmonary edema Abbreviated VPS Also called lung scan and V/Q scan
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Figure 12.19 Ventilation-perfusion scanning Source: Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Figure 12.19 Ventilation-perfusion scanning Source: Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Antihistamines Antitussives
Bronchodilators Corticosteroids Decongestants Expectorants
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Abbreviations ABGs AFB ARDS CF COPD CPR
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Abbreviations (cont.) CXR flu HMD IRDS LLL LTB LUL
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Abbreviations (cont.) MRI NRDS OSA PCP PE PFT
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Abbreviations (cont.) PPD RDS RLL RUL SARS
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Abbreviations (cont.) TB TV URI VC VPS or V/Q scan
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