1. Geographic Information Systems and Science: Enabling a Location-Based Technology Michael F. Goodchild University of California Santa Barbara

2. Geographic information n Information that links properties to positions on or near the Earth's surface –the information of maps –but much more besides n The atomic form – –point observations, e.g. at weather stations –observations about lines, areas

3. Three technologies n Earth measurement –the accurate determination of position on the Earth's surface

4. Eratosthenes, 200 BC

5. Perfect sphere, radius 6378 km Ellipsoid of rotation, flattening 1/300

6. EllipsoidSemi-major axis1/flattening Airy 18306377563.396299.3249646 Modified Airy6377340.189299.3249646 Australian National6378160298.25 Bessel 1841 (Namibia)6377483.865299.1528128 Bessel 18416377397.155299.1528128 Clarke 18666378206.4294.9786982 Clarke 18806378249.145293.465 Everest (India 1830)6377276.345300.8017 Everest (Sabah and Sarawak)6377298.556300.8017 Everest (India 1956)6377301.243300.8017 Everest (Malaysia 1969)6377295.664300.8017 Everest (Malaysia, Singapore)6377304.063300.8017 Everest (Pakistan)6377309.613300.8017 Modified Fischer 19606378155298.3 Helmert 19066378200298.3 Hough 19606378270297 Indonesian 19746378160298.247 International 19246378388297 Krassovsky 19406378245298.3 GRS 806378137298.257222101 South American 19696378160298.25 WGS 726378135298.26 WGS 846378137298.257223563

7. Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866 a = 6378206 m 1/f = 294.98 World Geodetic System of 1984 a = 6378137 m 1/f = 298.26

9. The Global Positioning System

13. Three technologies n Remote sensing –satellite-based –aircraft, drones

22. Roofs versus roads Road types Major/minor roads Vegetation cover Shadows Construction areas

23. Three technologies n Geographic information systems –digital representation of geographic data –editing, transformation, analysis, modeling, visualization, decision support –virtually any conceivable task n The Canada Geographic Information System –1966

32. The geographic information industries n GPS industry –$1 billion –European Galileo n Data supply industry –remote sensing NASA $10 billion other US civilian agencies $10 billion military and intelligence $30 billion 500,000,000,000,000 sq m petabytes of information online (1PB=10 15 bytes)

36. The geographic information industries n GIS software –desktop, Web, enterprise –$1 billion –ESRI 30% –Intergraph 20% n Location-based services –Web –cellphones

37. Location-based services n Information services –provided by systems that know where they are –and modify information accordingly

39. How does a system know where it is? n GPS onboard –cellphone n Triangulation from towers n Determined at system build time n IP address

41. What kinds of information? n Nearby services n Visualization of invisible features –underground –around the corner –in the past –visually impaired user

46. Location-based games n Played on location-enabled devices –cellphones

47. New directions n Social sciences –most early applications were environmental –health, business, social services n Dynamics –from how the world looks to how the world works

52. Simulations n 1.8 vehicles per driveway n Driver behavior influenced by: –lane width –slope –view distances –traffic control mechanisms –information feedback –driver aggressiveness n 770 homes –clearing times > 30 minutes 2D clip 3D clip

53. Policy implications n Addition of new outlets n Better deployment of traffic control resources n Understanding the risk n Reduce cars used per household n Problems of shut-ins, elderly, latch-key kids

55. Putting it all together n www.earthviewer.com

56. Conclusion n A rapidly growing industry –tightly connected sectors n Applications across the spectrum of human activities –commerce –research –everyday life n Growing familiarity –GIS a widely recognized acronym –in-car navigation, LBS, Web mapping n Exciting new directions