1. 1826: His expedition was made up of the first United States folks to travel to Alta California by land, arriving in SoCal at the San Gabriel Mission. Why do you think he had to leave soon after?

2. Jedediah Strong Smith 1826 was the first U. S
Jedediah Strong Smith was the first U.S. citizen to travel to Alta CA over land. Mexico would not let him stay in Alta California, thinking that he was a spy for the U.S.

3. 1828: This man was taken prisoner by the Crow Native Americans in the Rocky Mountains. What do you think happened?

4. Who is this person?

5. May have been the first person of European descent to see Yosemite Valley. He found a mountain pass to travel over from the east into California. What mountain pass did he hike over ____________?

6. Joseph Reddeford Walker, 1833, found a pass over the Sierra Nevada Mountains

7. 1846: This last governor of Alta California fled Los Angeles in order to speak before the Mexican Congress. He wanted to ask for something. What did he ask for? Did he get it?

8. 1846: Pio Pico was the last governor of Alta California, and he fled Los Angeles because U.S. troops invaded. He fled to see the Mexican Congress in order to ask for military troops to defend California. The Mexican government did not send troops.

9. 1848: This is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed by both the U. S
1848: This is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed by both the U.S. and Mexico. Why was there a treaty? What do you think both sides got from this treaty?
Is this source, the actual treaty, a primary or secondary source?

10. 1848: This is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed by both the U. S
1848: This is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed by both the U.S. and Mexico. The treaty ended the Mexican American War and stated what both sides would get from the deal.
This actual treaty is a primary source.

11. 1848: This man owned a fort at the end of the Oregon Trail.
Something was discovered on his land along the American River. What was it?

12. 1848: John Sutter owned a fort at the end of the Oregon Trail.
Gold was discovered by his employee on his land along the American River.

13. 1846: This man was a major in the U. S. Army
1846: This man was a major in the U.S. Army. He brought troops into the Bear Flag Republic and took over the land. What land was it?

14. 1846: John C. Fremont was a major in the U. S. Army
1846: John C. Fremont was a major in the U.S. Army. He brought troops into the Bear Flag Republic and took over California.
Later, he became a U.S. Senator for CA.
During the U.S. Civil War, he commanded the Western Armies. He freed the slaves in the western lands without permission from President Abraham and lost his post.

15. 1840’s: Who did this man work for?
What were his professions?

16. 1840’s: Kit Carson was a guide for John C. Fremont.
He assisted Fremont in starting the rebellion against the Mexican government in Alta California.
Once a fur trapper, he became a soldier who fought for the Union Army in the U.S. Civil War and also led battles against the Navajo, Apache, and other Native American Tribes.

17. 1841: This man led one of the first groups of U. S
1841: This man led one of the first groups of U.S. pioneers into California using the California Trail.
When in CA, he was employed by ___________________ to be a business manager. His employer was the owner of the fort where the Gold Rush began.
This man found gold along with others.
In 1844, he became a ___________ in order to get a land grant.

18. 1841: John Bidwell led one of the first groups of U. S
1841: John Bidwell led one of the first groups of U.S. pioneers into California using the California Trail.
When in CA, he was employed by John Sutter to be a business manager. His employer was the owner of the fort where the Gold Rush began.
Bidwell also found gold.
In 1844, Bidwell became a Mexican citizen in order to get a land grant.

19. Alvin Aaron Coffey was born in 1822 in KY. He was a slave.
In 1852, Coffey was sold to Mary Tindall. (Nelson Tindall owned Coffey’s wife and 3 children.)

20. Alvin Aaron Coffey was born in 1822 in KY. He was a slave.
In 1852, Coffey was sold to Mary Tindall. (Nelson Tindall owned Coffey’s wife and 3 children.)
Coffey asked Tindall for permission to go to CA to dig for gold in order to earn freedom for his family. By 1857, he had earned $4,500 which was enough to buy his family’s freedom.
He became a homesteader in Shasta County and started a school for children.

21. 1851: This woman emigrated to California. California entered the U. S
1851: This woman emigrated to California. California entered the U.S. in 1850 as a free state, meaning slavery was not allowed. However, she arrived here as a slave. Why do you think this happened? What do you think happened to her?

22. 1851: Bridget “Biddy” Mason emigrated to California
1851: Bridget “Biddy” Mason emigrated to California. California entered the U.S. in 1850 as a free state, meaning slavery was not allowed. However, her husband was her “owner,” and he would not free her. A California judge stepped in to grant her and her daughters freedom.
Biddy then worked as a nurse in Los Angeles. She became the first African American woman to own property in L.A. She donated money to the poor, visited prisoners in jail, and started L.A.’s first Black church. She donated land to the church.

23. 1844: This man traveled to California to trap animals for fur
1844: This man traveled to California to trap animals for fur. He found a second pass through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. (A pass is a route between mountains in a mountain range.) Why would finding a pass in the mountains be a good thing?

24. James Beckwourth
Found a second pass through the Sierra Nevadas that avoided difficult places like Donner Lake.
Beckwourth Pass
1844

25. James Beckwourth Beckwourth Pass 1844
James Beckwourth was the son of Sir Jennings Beckwith. His mother who was half African American and half white was a slave. James was born into slavery.
His father was the slave owner, Sir Jennings Beckwith.
His father had James trained as a blacksmith, and he freed him when he was 26 years old.

26. James Beckwourth Beckwourth Pass 1844
1824: James Beckwourth became a fur trader in the Rocky Mountains. He fought the Native American while he was there.
Beckwourth was possibly kidnapped by a Crow tribe. He married a daughter of a chief.
Beckwourth as a member and chief of the Crow tribe sometimes raided other Native American tribes or white settlements.

28. 1837: James Beckwourth joined the U. S
1837: James Beckwourth joined the U.S. Army to fight the Seminole Indians.
1846: Beckwourth fought in the Mexican American War. He left that war with 1800 Mexican horses (stolen).
1848: Beckwourth came to California to join the Gold Rush. He found a pass through the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range.

29. 1850’s: Beckwourth lived as a card player.
1851: Improved the Beckwourth Trail.
Pyramid Lake  Truckee River Feather River  Marysville
This trail helped people to avoid dangerous passes like Donner’s Pass.

33. 1864: Sand Creek Massacre: Beckwourth lived in the territory of Colorado and worked as a Scout for the militia. The militia attacked a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans, killing people, 2/3 women and children.
Beckwourth could no longer trade with the Cheyenne. He continued fur trapping and scouting for the U.S. Army.

34. 1866: Beckwourth led a military troop to a Crow village in Montana
1866: Beckwourth led a military troop to a Crow village in Montana. He may have died when he got there as a result of heart problems.
However, his friend who founded the Rocky Mountain News, guessed that he was poisoned by the Crow Indians in retaliation of the Sand Creek Massacre. That is just speculation, though, according to Wikipedia.

35. The process of settling a land is difficult.
What sort of societal problems could there be? (problems among people in society)
What sort of planning problems could there be?
Timed Pair Share

36. Sand Creek Massacre:
A Westward Expansion Story of Tragedy

37. 1864: Beckwourth lived in the territory of Colorado and worked as a Scout for the militia. The militia attacked a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans, killing people, 2/3 women and children.

39. 1864: Cheyenne and other Native American Chiefs were forced to sign over most of their land to the United States. Many Cheyenne Indians were upset about this loss of land and about settlers moving into their land. Some called themselves “Dog Soldiers,” and they raided white settlements.

40. Black
Kettle
1864: Because U.S. settlers complained that Native Americans were stealing their livestock, the Colorado militia began attacking Cheyenne villages.

41. Black Kettle, Cheyenne Cheif
11/29/1864, the commander of Fort Lyon told Black Kettle that it would be safe for his men to leave their land to go hunt. Black Kettle flew the U.S. flag and a white flag of truce over his camp.

42. Black Kettle
Fort Lyon Commander

43. However, U.S. Army Colonel John Chivington, a man who was opposed to slavery and was a Methodist preacher, rode out to Black Kettle’s settlement. Beckwourth was his guide. Chivington ordered the attack.

44. Captain Soule ordered his men to not obey.
Black Kettle
Captain Silas S. Soule
Fort Lyon Commander
Captain Soule ordered his men to not obey.
Despite that, Chivington’s men continued shooting.

45. Captain Silas S. Soule testified against Chivington in a Congressional hearing, despite the death threats that he received. He was murdered a several weeks later.

46. Mochi, a 24 year old Cheyenne woman in Black Kettle’s village, survived. She spent the next 11 years fighting back, raiding white settlements with her husband.

47. Lone Tree Massacre: Mochi along with others attacked a surveying party in KS. They attacked a German family killing the parents and two older daughters. They kept 4 daughters as captives and finally traded two. The last two were given up when they surrendered to the military. She served 4 years in a U.S. Camp as a prisoner of war. Released in 1878, she lived in OK until her death in 1881.

48. Howling Wolf, 15 year old Cheyenne Indian, survived the Sand Creek Massacre and drew this picture of it.