1. Reproduction
Of the plant variety

2. Reproduction Has made the continuation of life possible
Ensures the survival of the species
2 Types of reproduction:
- Asexual : only need one living organism
- Sexual: need a male and a female parent

3. Plants
Plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually

4. Asexual reproduction in plants
Can reproduce from a part of their own organism (root, stem, or leaf)
Example: Strawberry plants, the trembling aspen forest

5. Sexual reproduction 3 forms of sexual reproduction in plant kingdom
- flowers (flowering plants)/angiosperms (enclosed seed)
- cones (conifers)/gymnosperms (naked seed)
- spores (algae, mosses, ferns)
Seeds contain everything needed to create a new plant.
-Embryo (small immature plant)
- cotyledon (food reserves)
- seed coat (protective covering)

6. Stamen : Male parts
- anther: where pollen is produced and stored
-Pollen grains contain male gametes (spermatozoa)
Pistil : Female parts
- stigma: sticky surface which captures pollen grains
- ovary: swollen base that contains female gametes (ovules)
- ovules: female gametes

7. Pollination Two types:
- Self-pollination : pollen is transferred to the pistil of the same flower
-Cross-pollination : the wind and/or insects carry pollen to the pistil of a different flower

8. Fertilization
During fertilization the male and female gametes combine to form a zygote
A zygote is the cell containing complete genetic material

9. Animal Reproduction Invertebrates = about 97% of all animal species
They reproduce either asexually or sexually
Vertebrates
- Most reproduce sexually

10. Sexual Reproduction Male animals  produce male gametes (spermatozoa)
Female animals produce female gametes (ova)
Both the male/female gametes contain half of the genetic material of the future offspring.

11. Steps of vertebrate reproduction
1) male gamete fuses with female gamete
2) zygote is formed
3)zygote divides and transforms into embryo
4)embryo develops into small animal (baby)
5) baby animal becomes adult and produces their own gametes

12. Mating
During mating, two individuals of an animal species unite to combine their gametes to achieve fertilization

13. Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a spermatozoa and ovum combine

14. Types of fertilization
1) external : the gametes combine outside the bodies of both parents (fish)
2) internal : the gametes combine inside the female’s body

15. Hermaphrodites Equipped with both male and female reproductive parts.
(example : worms)

16. P. 249
#6 to 9
P.256
#1 to 6