1. Lab safety, Lab equipment, & Experimental design
Mrs. Green

2. Lab safety
Report all accidents, injuries, and breakage of glass or equipment to the teacher immediately.
Keep pathways clear by placing extra items (backpacks, books, ect) on the back of your chair, or under your chair, or away from the lab area.
Long hair must be tied back to avoid catching fire (chin length or longer).
Wear school appropriate clothing including closed toed shoes (no jackets).
Work quietly, know what you are doing by reading the assigned experiment before you start. Pay close attention to all of the lab instructions.

3. Lab safety
6. Do not taste or smell chemicals (waft the smell). 7. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes. 8. Unauthorized experiments or procedures are not permitted. 9. Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the lab. 10. Follow all instruction given by the teacher. 11. Make wise choices during the lab (no “horse play”). 12. No eating and drinking during the lab!

4. Lab equipment Triple beam balance Beakers
There will be other types of lab equipment that we will use and I will explain each type as we come up to it.

5. Lab symbols

6. Experimental design
Science – the process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature
Independent variable – is the variable that is changed by the experimenter on purpose in order to test its effects against the control group (x-axis)
Dependent variable – the variable being measured in your experiment. The one that depends on the independent variable (y-axis)
Control group – the part of the experiment that remains the same so that it may be used as a comparison to the independent variable. Usually the the “normal” outcome.

7. Experimental design
Experiment – an organized procedure for testing the hypothesis
Materials – supplies used to carry out the experiment
Procedure – a numbered vertical list of the step-by- step directions for carrying out the experiments. Make sure these are clear and concise and another scientists can perform the same experiment.
Reliability– the experiment must be repeated a minimum of 3 times to be reliable

8. Experimental design VS.
Scientific Law – rule of nature that sums up related observations to describe a pattern in nature. Example: Law of Gravity
Scientific Theory – an explanation based on experiments, the most logical explanation. Example: Black Hole Theory

9. Scientific Method
Scientific Method – an organized set of investigation procedures used by scientists.
1. State the problem: (ask a question) the problem must be testable and written in the form of a question.
For it to be testable it must have an identified control group and an experimental group. The key is to identify the 3 requirements involved in the experimental group.
Independent variable, Dependent variable, Constant variable

10. Scientific Method 2. Research the problem
Must be researched using appropriate reference material to support scientific understanding.
You can use books, the internet, personal experiences, and others.
3. Form a Hypothesis
This is an educated guess based on the research from the pervious steps. It’s valuable because it leads to further investigation, even if it turns out not to be supported by the data.

11. Scientific Method 4. Design Experiment 5. Gather & Analyze Data
This step involves listing and gathering materials, developing and carrying out the procedures as well as identifying a control group and an experimental group.
5. Gather & Analyze Data
Gather and figure out what the data means. The results of the experiment must be written based on the collected data

12. Scientific Method 6. Draw a Conclusion 7. Share the Results
Write a summary that indicates whether or not the results support your original hypothesis. It is okay if your conclusion does not match your original hypothesis.
7. Share the Results
Publish your scientific results and full experiment in a scientific journal for other scientists to repeat and replicate the results.

13. Scientific Method Quiz
1. Hypothesis
a. standard for comparison
2. Control
b. testable prediction
3. Dependent Variable 
c. factor that is adjusted by the experimenter
4. Experiment 
d. factor that doesn't vary in the experiment
5. Constant
e. organized procedure for testing hypothesis
6. Independent variable 
f. factor whose value is graphed on the y-axis

14. Scientific Research & Tools
Observation – the process of gathering information about events or processes in an orderly way.
Data – information gathered from observations.
Inference – a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge, experiences and or collected data.
Metric System – a decimal system of units based on a scale in multiples of ten (.10)

15. Scientific Research & Tools
Microscopes – devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
2 types of microscopes:
Compound light microscope – allows light to pass through specimen and uses two lenses to form an image.
Electron microscope – uses beams of electrons rather than light to form an image (1,000x more detailed then a light microscope)

16. Scientific Research & Tools
Two main types of Scientific Research:
Quantitative Research – research in which data is numerical in form.
Example tools used: thermometer, balance, stopwatch
Qualitative Research – research based on observation, the data is descriptive in form.
Example tools used: binoculars, camera, tape recorder

17. Standards of Measurement
International System of Units (SI) – standard system of measurement used worldwide.
SI Base Units
Quantity Measured
Unit
Symbol
Length
Meter m
Mass
Grams g
Time
Seconds s
Electric current
Ampere A
Temperature
Kelvin K
Amu of Substance
mole
mol
Intensity of light
Candela cd

18. Standards of Measurement
Length – distance between two points.
Volume – the amount of space occupied by an object.
Mass – the amount of matter in an object.
Density – mass per unit volume of a material.
Time – interval between two occurring events.
Common SI Prefixes:
Prefix
Symbol
Multiplying factor
kilo k
1.000
deci d
0.1
centi c
0.01
milli m
0.001
micro
nano n

19. Activity Time!

20. Activity Time!

21. Activity Time!

22. Graphing Graph – a visual display of information or data.
Line graph – shows the trends or how the data changes over time.
Bar graph – useful for comparing information collected by counting.
Circle graph – (pie chart) used to show how a fixed quantity is broken down into parts.

23. The Science of Biology
Biology – the study of life, also know as life science.
Key aspect of Biology : the study of one living thing always involves studying other living things.
Organism – things that have all the characteristics of life; made of one or more cells.
Characteristics of Living Things:
Organization (cells)
Obtain / Use Energy
Reproduce
Respond to Stimuli
Growth
Homeostasis
Development
Adapt

24. The Science of Biology Life can be studied at the following levels:
Human existence depends on the existence of all living things on Earth; wood, cotton, food, etc.
Level:
Description:
Biosphere
Part of Earth that contains all ecosystems
Ecosystem
Community and its nonliving environment
Community
Populations that live in defined areas
Population
A group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
Organism
Individual living
Group of Cells
Such as tissues, organs, and organ systems
Cells
The smallest functional unit of life
Molecules
Groups of atoms and smallest unit of a compound