1. Ch. 14 Revolution and Nationalism
World History
Mr. Curtis

2. Czars Resist Change in Russia
In 1881, Alexander III succeeded his father Alexander II in Russia. Unlike his father, Alexander III stopped all reform and gave himself all power. He was harsh and enacted many laws to protect his complete rule. In 1894, Nicholas II carried on the autocratic style of government.
Strict censorship laws (including private letters)
Secret police force monitored for any uprisings
Political prisoners were sent to Siberia
He made Russian the official language
Made Jews the targets of persecution (Pogroms- organized violence against Jews)

3. Russia Industrializes
From 1863 to 1900, industrialization doubled in Russia. The government raised taxes to grow industrially. However, Russia still lagged behind many other European nations.
Rapid industrialization caused discontent among the people. (Led to Marxism)
Horrible working conditions
Low wages
Child labor
Low standard of living and little political power (led to strikes)

4. Russian Marxists
In 1903, Russian Marxists split into two groups. Moderate revolutionaries were known as Mensheviks. The more radical Bolsheviks- were a small group of revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change. Led by Vladimir Lenin-( )he fled Russia in early 1900 to avoid arrest. He maintained contact with the Bolsheviks and waited until he could safely return.

5. Crisis at Home and Abroad
From , Russia faced a series of crises. These events showed the weakness of the Czar and paved the way for revolution.
Russo-Japanese War- Japan and Russia signed agreements over Korea and Manchuria. Russia violated the agreements which caused Japan to attack Russia in Russian defeats led to revolts back home in Russia.
Bloody Sunday- January 22, 1905, about 200,000 workers and their families approached the czar’s Winter Palace. They carried a petition asking for better working conditions, more personal freedom and an elected legislature. Nicholas II’s generals ordered their soldiers to fire on the crowd. More than 1,000 wounded and hundreds were killed. (sparked outrage and strikes)

6. Crises continued….
3. World War I- was the final blow to the Czar of Russia. Russia was defeated on the Eastern front. More than 4 million Russian soldiers were killed. WWI revealed the weakness of the czarist rule. Rasputin- a self described “holy man”. He made many key political decisions for Russia in the early 1900’s and during WWI. (influence because of his “healing power”.
4. The March Revolution- March 1917, a strike in Petrograd led to 200,000 workers rioting in the streets. The local protest grew into a nationwide uprising. Czar Nicholas II eventually gave up his throne.
A provisional government- or temporary government was established by the legislature. (why did citizens and soldiers oppose?)
Socialist revolutionaries created local soviets- local councils consisting of workers, peasants and soldiers who opposed the provisional government.

7. The Bolshevik Revolution
Lenin returned to Russia in April Lenin quickly gained control of local soviets in Petrograd and all over Russia. Lenin’s slogan was “Peace, Land and Bread”
In November 1917, the provisional government was overthrown by the Bolshevik Red Guards.
Lenin wasted no time distributing farmland to peasants, factories to factory workers and signing a treaty with Germany to end Russia’s involvement in WWI.
Opponents of Lenin and the Bolsheviks established the “White Army”. Civil War ensued for two years ( ) Leon Trotsky led the Bolshevik Red Army. The Red Army was victorious.

8. Lenin Restores Order
War and Revolution destroyed the Russian economy. Industrial production dropped and trade suffered. Lenin focused his efforts on reviving the economy.
New Economic Policy- March 1921, Lenin established a small scale version of capitalism.(Not ideal for Lenin) This policy allowed peasants to sell their crops instead of handing them over to the government. The government still controlled major industries but allowed some privately owned businesses.
By 1928, Russia’s economy had fully recovered.

9. Political Reforms
Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics under the central government.
In 1922, the country was named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
The Bolsheviks renamed their party the communist party. This name was taken from Karl Marx’s book the Communist Manifesto. The Communist Party held all of the control in Russia.
How did this differ from Marx’s views?

10. Totalitarianism
In 1928, Joseph Stalin took control of the Communist Party.
Stalin believed in totalitarianism- a government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life.
Police terror- totalitarian states use terror and violence to force obedience and crush opposition. A police force is usually used to achieve this.
Indoctrination- instruction in the government’s beliefs to mold people’s minds. Control of education is essential!! (begins young)

11. Totalitarianism continued…
3. Propaganda and censorship- biased or incomplete information used to sway people to accept certain beliefs or actions. Control of all mass media was essential. Published writings, art, films, and music were all censored. 4. Religious or Ethnic persecution- totalitarian leaders often created “enemies of the state” in order to have someone to blame when things go wrong. (Why did Stalin fear religion?)

12. Stalin’s Totalitarian State
The Great Purge- launched in 1937, Stalin attempted to eliminate anyone who threatened his power. Fellow Bolsheviks stood trial, were sent to labor camps and were executed. Ended in 1938, Stalin was responsible for an estimated 8 to 13 million deaths.
Stalin’s Economy- Stalin took control of the economy in 1928 and enacted a 10 year plan that called for a command economy- system in which the government makes all economic decisions.
Five Year Plans- a series of plans designed to increase production of Russian industry. Set impossibly high goals to increase the output of coal, steel, oil and electricity. Other resources were conserved. (results?)

13. Agriculture Under Stalin
In 1928, the government began to seize over 25 million privately owned farms in the USSR. These large, government owned farms were called collective farms.
Hundreds of families worked on these farms providing food for the state. Peasants (kulaks) constantly fought for their farms to be given back through destroying crops, killed livestock and even murdered the collective officials.
Stalin had the entire kulak population wiped out by 1935.