1. Socialism in the late 19th Century

2. Changes in Industry
Industrialization diminished the need for skilled artisans
Resulting in an increase in the urban proletariat

3. Trade Unions Workers turn to trade unions
Governments begin to extend legal protections
Memberships increase
3 million for Britain
2 million for Germany
1 million for France
Provides workers with collective bargaining

4. SUFFRAGE!!!!!! Only men 
By 1912 all major European states had universal MALE suffrage
Except Russia ( of course)
Britain 1867 and 1884 (2nd and 3rd Reform Acts)
Bismarck 1871
Switzerland 1879
Spain 1890
Belgium 1893

5. Results of New Franchise
The common man can not be ignored
Workers have a voice to air their grievances
Emergence of large and well-organized political parties that try to educate and influence this new electoral group.

6. Socialism redefined Most socialist are against nationalism
Major questions arise- will the aims be achieved by revolution or by democracy?
This question will lead to the split in the Socialist party.

7. Karl Marx and the First International
1864- French and British trade unions founded the International Working Men’s Association
Included socialist, anarchists, Polish nationals, and other radicals
Marx was the lead figure
Provided a forum for socialist discussion
Gathered statistics
Concluded that Marx view of revolution was the right one.

8. Great Britain and the Fabians
Trade unions ally with the liberals
Socialism makes little inroads in Parliament
Creation of the Labour Party
Fabian Society founded in 1884
Major socialist party
Named for Fabius Maximus
Not radical/ democracy not revolution
The government was slow to respond to their demands

9. Fabian’s achievements
National Insurance Act of 1911
Unemployment benefits and health care
Again, the expanded role of government

10. France and “Opportunism”
French socialism not unified
Jean Jaures and Jules Guesde are the leaders of the two factions of the party
Jaures- work with the radical middle class
Guesde- never work with the bourgeois
As a result of the Dreyfus Affair the appointment of Alexander Millerand

11. 2nd International 1889 Tried to unify the various socialist groups
Socialist groups began working together
Jaures assassinated
Socialist groups split
George
Sorel writes Reflections on Violence encouraging strikes

12. Germany- Social Democrates
German Social Democratic Party or SPD
Kept Marxism alive during the late 19th century
SPD founded by LaSalle
Group divided over reform vs violence

13. Bismarck and the Repression of the SPD
Bismarck uses an attempted assignation of William II to pass anti- socialists laws
Suppress meetings and publications
SPD still grows

14. Social Welfare Program
Bismarck implemented a social welfare program
Health and accident insurance/ pension and social security
1st industrial nation to have a welfare program
Undercut the socialist program
A brilliant move
WILLIAM FORCES BISMARK TO RESIGN!!!!!!!!

15. Erfurt Program Bismarck resigns Socialist develop the Erfurt program
Authored by Bebel and Kautsky
Take control of the means of production through political process NOT revolution

16. Revisionism Eduard Bernstein
British writer that questioned Marx’s pessimistic attitude toward capitalism
Wrote Evolutionary Socialism
Believed in extending suffrage to working class –result in legal changes not revolution
SPD for the most part followed Bernstein’s plan

17. Russia and the Birth of Bolshevism
Witte’s program for industrialization Both Alexander III and Nicholas I wanted to industrialize Russia Count Sergei Witte was appointed financial minister Planned economic development that had protective tariffs and high taxes Wanted to modernize Russia ( so “Peter” of him) favored heavy industry- railroads, coal, iron, textiles

18. Industrialization Brings Discontent
By 1900 there are 3 million factory workers that lived in horrid conditions
Discontent in the countryside as well. Things had not gone well since the emancipation of the serfs
Many were forced to work on kulacks

19. Population Increases Bring More Problems
Between population increases from 50 million to 103 million
Major strain on the food supply

20. New Parties Form Social Revolutionary Party 1901
Opposed industrialization
Wanted communal/ rural living for Russia ( how “Rousseau” of them)
Constitutional Democratic Party or Cades 1903
Liberal- drew members from the zemstvos
Wanted constitutional monarchy modeled on western Europe

21. Rise of Lenin Gregory Plekhanov Leading Russian Socialist
Exiled to Switzerland
Influenced Lenin

22. Lenin, AKA Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
Son of a high bureaucrat
Brother executed
Studied law
Drawn to revolutionary ideas and groups
Exiled to Siberia
Moved to Switzerland
Follower of Marx with reservations
Believed Marx was flawed on his view of the role of the proletariat

23. What Is To Be Done? Book written by Lenin
Need professional revolutionaries
Only a small elite party could pull off this revolution
Revolution will NOT be spontaneous but must be planned , carried out and then forced on the people

24. Lenin and the Russian Social Democratic Party
London Congress
Socialist divided
Bolsheviks ( majority yet minority)
Lenin
Revolutionary
Small radical leadership

25. Mensheviks Word means minority but was the majority
Believed in change through the political process
Believed in Marx’s view about the role of the proletariat

26. Two Tactics of Social Democracy
Written by Lenin
Believed that the revolution would occur by uniting the proletariat with the peasants
Sidesteps Marx’s dialectic materialism model of the necessity of a large proletariat

27. Revolution of 1905 Tsar enters Russo-Japanese War
Bloody Sunday- Father Gapon
October Manifesto
Constitutional monarchy
Created a duma
Radicals elected- Nicholas dissolves
P.A. Stolypin replaces Witte
Made changes- suppresses radicals at the same time grants privileges to peasants
Stolypin assassinated in 1911

28. New Duma Mostly liberal moderates
On to the stage comes Rasputin….. A story for another day