1. Oklahoma State University
Recent Low Impact Development (LID) Advances and Innovations for Managing Stormwater Quantity and Quality
Jason R. Vogel, Ph.D., P.E.
Oklahoma State University
September 20, 2011

2. Presentation Outline Brief urban water primer Bioretention cells
Pervious pavement
Green roofs
Rainwater harvesting
LID modeling

3. Advances and Innovations
Many of the recent research and application advances and innovations related to LID are in response to specific challenges facing the industry

4. Urban Water Primer

5. Oklahoma Water Cycle Variability
40% evapotranspiration
10% runoff
33% runoff
14% runoff
2% runoff
50% infiltration
15% infiltration
2% infiltration
1% infiltration
McCurtain County, OK
Oklahoma County, OK
Texas County, OK
From US EPA
52% evapotranspiration
84% evapotranspiration
97% evapotranspiration
Data adapted from Water Atlas of Oklahoma

6. Bioretention Cells Specific media for water quality improvement
Addition of fly ash to bioretention cell media greatly enhances P removal (research by Dr. Glenn Brown at OSU)
Enhanced P removal from the addition of aluminum hydroxide (research by Dr. Allen Davis at the University of Maryland.

7. Bioretention Cells
Increased removal of nitrogen from bioretention cells by internal water storage zone
Often termed the upturned elbow, plumbing is used to create an anaerobic zone in the bioretention cell; from research by Hunt and others at North Carolina State

8. Bioretention Cells
Increased understanding on the role of plants in bioretention cells
Recent research by Smolen and others at OSU has indicated that plant roots can serve as conduits through compost/topsoil after the plants are established in the bioretention cell.

9. Pervious Pavement
Additives for increased strength and freeze resistance
Iowa State University indicated that the UltraFiber 500 fiber increased the split tensil strength of pervious concrete by 24%, increased the freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete, and also increased the perviousness of the concrete by 240% over pervious concrete without fiber.
Also fly ash and other concrete additives can increase strength and/or appearance

10. Pervious Pavement
Nitrogen removal from pervious pavers, designed by Dr. Allen Davis at the University of Maryland
Sand or gravel subbase contains a carbon source, such as mulch or shredded newspaper.
Piping retains water, creating anoxic conditions.
This combination trigger up to 75% nitrogen removal.

11. Pervious Pavement Use of recycled materials in pervious pavement
Recycled glass (ie., Filterpave®)
Recycled tires
Modular pervious concrete squares
Currently in development at OSU by Vogel and others

12. Green Roofs Research on plants for Oklahoma green roofs
Cooperative research between OU and OSU at the National Weather Center green roof is indicating that most Sedum succulents died this summer, while native grasses and wildflowers survived
Research by Beitz and others at OSU determined that buffalograss will survive in typical summers with supplemental irrigation

13. Green Roofs Lighter green roof media
Current research by Vogel and others at OSU is designing a green roof media that is 50% lighter than traditional green roof media
This will allow for retrofits on more buildings.
Plant growth trials will begin in October in a greenhouse simulating July weather

14. Rainwater Harvesting Better quantification of first flush and PAH’s
Current research by Lay and others at OSU is quantifying the first flush and PAHs from different roof types for actual and simulated storms.
Better understanding of the first flush could lead to better designs for first flush diverters
PAHs have the potential for soil accumulation

15. LID modeling
Online economic assessment tools, Center for Neighborhood Technology
The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits
Green Values National Stormwater Calculator:
It compares green infrastructure (LID) performance, costs, and benefits to conventional stormwater practices.

16. LID modeling
IDEAL (Integrated Design and Evaluation Assessment of Loadings)
Object-based watershed model by Woolpert, Inc. in conjunction with OSU Emeritus faculty
a user-friendly, intuitive model that operates on the best available science in stormwater treatment.
Vogel currently teaching special topics graduate class on IDEAL

17. LID modeling
SUSTAIN (System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis INtegration Model)
EPA model; includes cost analysis; available at
a decision support system to facilitate selection and placement of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Low Impact Development (LID) techniques at strategic locations in urban watersheds.
SUSTAIN has seven modules: Framework Manager, BMP Siting Tool, Land Module, BMP Module, Conveyance Module, Optimization Module, Post-Processor

18. Summary
Recent research and application advances and innovations related to LID are in response to specific challenges facing the industry
Bioretention cells
Pervious pavement
Green roofs
Rainwater harvesting
LID modeling

19. On Facebook at “Oklahoma Stormwater and Low Impact Development”
For More Information…
On Facebook at “Oklahoma Stormwater and Low Impact Development”
LID.okstate.edu