1. New Worlds for All
Colin Calloway

2. Why Empires? Why Then? Important developments in Europe
Rise of modern nations
United under one ruler
Large militaries
Government bureaucracies and taxation systems
Revolutions in ways of thinking
Renaissance (arts and culture)
Enlightenment/Scientific Revolution (science and technology, philosophy, political ideology)
Protestant Reformation (religion)

3. Spain and Its Empire (New Spain)
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Tightly controlled empire, land based, urban.
250,000 Spaniards emigrated to America in the 16th century
Enrich the Crown, spread the Catholic faith
Encomienda system
Treatment of Native Americans
Peoples of Mexico
Aztecs
The Triple Alliance, 1428
Hernan Cortes, 1519
Class structure
Gender roles
Distribution of population
Religion

4. France and Its Empire (New France)
Looking for the Northwest Passage
A trading empire (furs, fisheries)
1520s-1665, under constant siege
Healthful environment, plenty of schools, hospitals, churches (nuns)
By c. 1700, French expansion from Canada to Louisiana threatened English colonies
Treatment of Indians
Less cruel than other European powers
Intermarriage
Trade networks/cultural exchanges
Offered citizenship rights to those who converted to Catholicism

5. The Netherlands and Its Empire (New Netherlands)
Mercantile
Credit
Interimperial

6. The Iroquois/The Five Nations
The League, 1520s
Horticultural
Camps/Villages/Towns
Male and female leadership
Ideas about property and reciprocity
The Mourning Wars/ The Beaver Wars
Location
Trade
Disease
The Covenant Chain
Neutrality

7. European Tools and Indian Renaissance
Copper pots Iron knives woolen cloth and blankets fishhooks needles and thread guns glass beads

8. The Columbian Exchange
Americas to Europe:
Maize
Potatoes
Peanuts
Squash
Peppers
Beans
Tomatoes
Europe to the Americas
Grains (rice, wheat, barley, oats, rye)
Onions
Cabbage
Peaches
Domesticated animals (horses, pigs, cattle, goats, donkeys)
Diseases

9. Partial list of diseases thought to be cured by tobacco
Asthma, dropsy, ringworm, scabs, scrofula (tuberculosis), old sores, ulcers, wounds, contusions, bruises, excessive phlegm, venomous bites, breast afflictions, carbuncles (boils), flatulence, labor pains, menstrual periods, halitosis, headaches, helminthiasis (parasitic worms), rheumatism, tumefactions (swellings), toothache, plant poisoning, scurf (scaly, flaky skin), excessive bleeding, abscesses, wounds caused by arrows, colds, stomachaches, constipation, kidney stones, eczema, cancer, colic, gout, indigestion, rabies, sciatica, syncope (fainting), cataracts, dysentery, diseases of the uterus, facial inflammations, tonsillitis, epilepsy, burns, deafness, consumption, corns, warts, hemorrhoids, fevers, nose bleeds, venereal diseases.
Source: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

10. European Diseases and Their Consequences
Smallpox Bubonic plague Influenza
Yellow fever
75 – 95% of population wiped out
Unable to mount an adequate defense against European invaders

11. Diplomacy European-Indian Alliances Problems with diplomacy
Europeans to gain power, Indian tribes to maintain power
Problems with diplomacy
Questions of authority
Language barrier

12. Captives Both sides took war captives
Violent, brutal raids on a civilian population
Europeans killed, enslaved, or ransomed their captives
Indians killed, ransomed, or assimilated their captives
Often served as unofficial ambassadors in diplomatic relations

13. The Reverend John Williams